Ceramics are used in the body primarily in the form of bioceramics, which are employed in medical and dental applications as implants and replacements. These materials are chosen for their biocompatibility, strength, and wear resistance.
Medical Applications: Bioceramics are extensively used in orthopedic and dental surgeries. For instance, in hip prostheses, high-density, high-purity, fine-grained polycrystalline alumina (aluminum oxide, Al2O3) is the principal ceramic material. This material is selected for its excellent corrosion resistance, good biocompatibility, high wear resistance, and high strength, making it suitable for load-bearing applications. Alumina ceramics are also used in knee prostheses, bone screws, segmental bone replacements, and components for maxillofacial reconstruction.
Dental Applications: In dentistry, ceramics are used to fabricate certain types of crowns and veneers. Dental porcelain, a type of unglazed ceramic, is used for these applications because it helps maintain bone density. However, dental porcelain is softer than natural dentin and requires support from the natural tooth structure or a bonding agent to ensure strength and durability. The fabrication process involves creating a mold of the patient's mouth, which is then used to shape ceramic composite materials in a highly uniform furnace at temperatures up to 2,050°F (1,120°C). This precise temperature control is crucial to prevent shrinkage or distortion during the drying and bonding phases.
Other Technical Applications: Beyond direct medical and dental uses, technical ceramics are used in high-temperature applications such as in the fabrication of dental implants and in remotely controlled undersea cameras. In these applications, ceramics are chosen for their high-temperature resistance and strength. For example, alumina ceramics are used in buoyancy devices where precise thickness and high-temperature resistance are critical.
In summary, ceramics are integral to various medical and dental procedures, providing durable and biocompatible solutions for bone and tooth replacement. Their use extends to other high-temperature and high-stress applications, showcasing their versatility and robustness.
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