Direct energy deposition (DED) is a process that uses high-energy sources to melt and deposit materials directly onto a substrate.
The materials used in DED can vary widely, but typically include metals, ceramics, and some composites.
Here are the key methods and materials involved in direct energy deposition:
1. Plasma Deposition
Plasma deposition uses high-energy charged particles from a plasma to liberate atoms from a target material.
The target material's composition determines the material to be deposited onto the substrate.
Common materials used in plasma deposition include various metals and ceramics.
2. Electron Beam Deposition
This technique involves using a magnet to focus electrons into a beam, which is directed towards a crucible containing the material of interest.
The electron beam's energy causes the material to evaporate, and the vapors then coat the substrate.
Materials suitable for electron beam deposition are typically metals and ceramics that can withstand high temperatures and direct electron beam interaction.
3. Cathodic Arc Deposition
In this method, a high-power electric arc is discharged at the target material, blasting away some of it into highly ionized vapor that is then deposited onto the workpiece.
Common materials include metals and some alloys.
4. Electron-beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD)
This process heats the material to be deposited to a high vapor pressure by electron bombardment in a high vacuum.
The vaporized material is then transported by diffusion and deposited by condensation on the cooler workpiece.
Materials suitable for EB-PVD include metals and some ceramic compounds.
5. Evaporative Deposition
This method heats the material to be deposited to a high vapor pressure by electrical resistance heating in a high vacuum.
Materials commonly used in evaporative deposition are metals and some low-melting-point ceramics.
6. Sputter Deposition
A glow plasma discharge bombards the target material, sputtering some away as a vapor for subsequent deposition.
This technique can deposit a wide range of materials, including metals, alloys, and some ceramics.
7. Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD)
A high-power laser ablates material from the target into a vapor, which is then deposited onto a substrate.
PLD is versatile and can be used with a variety of materials, including complex oxides and other ceramic materials.
Each of these methods allows for the deposition of specific materials based on their thermal properties and the energy requirements of the deposition technique.
The choice of material and deposition method depends on the desired properties of the final product, such as density, adhesion, and overall material integrity.
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