The type of furnace used for heat treatment depends on the specific heat treatment process required. Heat treatment furnaces can be classified based on the type of heat treatment they are designed for, such as tempering, hardening, normalizing, carburizing, or annealing. Here are the detailed types and their applications:
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Tempering or Sub-Critical Annealing of Steel:
- Temperature Range: 0 to 700°C.
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Types:
- (i) Dry furnace with forced air circulation: These furnaces use air circulation to maintain uniform temperature, suitable for parts that require gentle heating.
- (ii) Liquid baths - Oil, lead, or salt: These involve immersing parts in a liquid medium, which can provide rapid and uniform heating.
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General Purpose Furnaces:
- Temperature Range: 700 to 1050°C.
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Types:
- (i) Dry furnaces: Commonly used for hardening, normalizing, and carburizing of carbon and low alloy steels.
- (ii) Liquid baths - Lead or salt: These furnaces use molten metals or salts for heating, providing rapid and controlled heating for specific treatments.
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High Temperature Furnaces:
- Temperature Range: 1000 to 1400°C.
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Types:
- (i) Dry furnaces: Used for heat treatment of high-speed steels and other high-temperature cycles.
- (ii) Liquid baths - Salt baths: These are effective for high-temperature treatments where rapid and precise temperature control is necessary.
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Carburising or Carbonitriding Furnaces:
- Type: Sealed quench furnace: These furnaces are specifically designed for processes like carburizing and carbonitriding, where the steel is heated in a carbon-rich atmosphere to diffuse carbon into the surface.
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Batch Furnaces for Heat Treatment of Steel:
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Types:
- (i) Box-Type Batch Furnace: Commonly used for annealing, pack-carburising, and hardening of low alloy steels. It is versatile and can handle various sizes of parts.
- (ii) Bogie-Hearth Furnace: Suitable for larger components, it allows for easy loading and unloading.
- (iii) Muffle Furnace: Used for processes where the material must be isolated from the heating source, such as in sintering or calcination.
- (iv) Pit Furnace (Vertical Furnace): Ideal for deep parts or when space is a constraint.
- (v) Bell Furnaces: Used for large-scale batch operations, providing uniform heating.
- (vi) Salt Bath Furnaces: Effective for rapid heating and precise temperature control.
- (vii) Fluidized-Bed Furnaces: Utilize a bed of particles fluidized by an air stream, providing uniform heating and rapid cooling.
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Types:
Each type of furnace is designed to meet specific requirements of the heat treatment process, ensuring that the material achieves the desired properties through controlled heating and cooling cycles. The choice of furnace depends on the material being treated, the specific heat treatment process, and the scale of operation.
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