The problems with brazing include the potential for oxide formation on the metal surfaces, off-gassing of metallic elements, and the need for specialized technical knowledge to prevent issues such as erosion and embrittlement.
Oxide Formation: Brazing requires clean and oxide-free surfaces to ensure proper bonding. If the metal surfaces are covered with oxides, the brazing process will not be successful. Oxide formation must be prevented by ensuring that the surfaces are properly cleaned and prepared before the brazing process begins. This can be achieved through various surface preparation techniques or by using a controlled atmosphere to prevent oxidation during the brazing process.
Off-Gassing of Metallic Elements: When metals containing volatile elements such as cadmium, zinc, or lead are heated to brazing temperatures, these elements can off-gas, creating contamination within the brazing furnace and potentially increasing the void content of the brazed joint. This can lead to weak joints and reduced reliability. To mitigate this issue, it is important to select brazing filler metals (BFMs) that do not contain these volatile elements, or to use a partial pressure of a gas like hydrogen or argon to prevent vaporization during the brazing process.
Specialized Technical Knowledge: Brazing processes, especially those involving controlled atmosphere or vacuum furnaces, require specialized technical knowledge to ensure the correct selection of filler materials, proper calculation of time at temperature, and prevention of oxidation. The compatibility of the braze alloy with the base metal must also be considered to avoid issues such as erosion and embrittlement. Excessive base metal dissolution can occur if the brazing is not performed under the correct conditions, leading to changes in base metal properties and potentially compromising the integrity of the joint.
In summary, while brazing offers advantages such as the ability to join complex parts and dissimilar materials at relatively low temperatures, it also presents challenges that require careful consideration and control to ensure successful and reliable joints. These challenges include preventing oxide formation, managing off-gassing of volatile elements, and ensuring the proper application of specialized technical knowledge to the brazing process.
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