Graphene is a two-dimensional material, consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. This structure gives graphene its unique properties, such as high electrical and thermal conductivity, flexibility, and optical transparency.
Two-dimensional structure: Graphene is a single-atomic layer material, with a thickness of just 0.34 nm. The carbon atoms are tightly-packed in a honeycomb lattice, with an interatomic distance of 1.42 Å. This two-dimensional arrangement is the fundamental reason for graphene's exceptional properties.
Unique properties: Graphene's two-dimensional structure enables it to have a significant theoretical specific surface area (2630 m2/g), ultrahigh electron mobility (~2 × 105 cm2/Vs), high Young’s modulus (1 TPa), and exceptional thermal conductivity (3500–5000 W/mK). Its electrical conductivity is also remarkable, with a critical current density of 108 A/cm2.
Applications: Graphene's unique properties make it suitable for various applications, including electronics, composites, membranes, and next-generation renewable energy technologies (e.g., solar cells). However, mass production of high-quality graphene with few or no contaminants or defects and large grain size at a reasonably low cost remains a challenge.
Production methods: Various methods have been developed for graphene production, including mechanical exfoliation, liquid-phase exfoliation, sublimation of silicon carbide (SiC), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). CVD graphene refers to graphene produced by the CVD method, which differentiates it from other forms of graphene. CVD is an effective method for obtaining quality graphene, although it can result in high sheet resistance, affecting the performance of organic electronic devices that use graphene-based transparent electrodes.
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