Molybdenum and tungsten are the metals most commonly used for withstanding high temperatures, with tungsten being suitable for temperatures up to 2,500 °C (4,532 °F) and molybdenum for temperatures up to 2,600 °C (4,712 °F). Tungsten is preferred for its higher melting point and is used in heating elements and radiation shields in high-temperature furnaces. Molybdenum, while having a lower melting point, is more ductile and easier to process, making it suitable for applications where its melting point is sufficient. Both metals exhibit high corrosion resistance and dimensional stability, making them ideal for high-temperature applications in industries such as glassmaking and metallurgy.
Tungsten, known for its high duty temperature of typically 2,800°C (5,075°F), is often used in heating elements and radiation shields in high-temperature furnaces. However, its practical use is often downgraded due to its brittleness when exposed to oxygen or water vapor and sensitivity to changes in emissivity. Tungsten is resistant to corrosion below 60% relative humidity, making it suitable for controlled environments.
Molybdenum, with a melting point of 2,600°C, is more ductile than tungsten, allowing for easier shaping and joining. It is used in heating elements in reducing atmospheres for high-temperature applications. However, molybdenum becomes unstable at temperatures above 2,000°C due to its creep characteristics, making tungsten a better choice for such extreme conditions.
In addition to metals, hybrid hot zones in high-temperature furnaces also incorporate graphite and ceramics for thermal insulation. These materials, when introduced as fibers, provide excellent insulation and lower construction costs, making hybrid hot zones more cost-effective.
For lower temperature ranges, alloys such as nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) and nickel-chromium-iron (Ni-Cr-Fe) are used. Ni-Cr alloy is suitable for temperatures up to 1,150°C, while Ni-Cr-Fe alloy is recommended for use up to 950°C. These alloys are chosen for their resistance to oxidation and sufficient strength at elevated temperatures.
Zirconia is another material noted for its high durability at extreme temperatures, often used in hot blast furnaces where temperatures can exceed 1,500°C. Its low thermal conductivity and non-reactivity with liquid metal or molten glass make it an excellent choice for metallurgy and glassmaking applications.
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