Graphite rods are used as cathodes in the Hall-Heroult process for extracting aluminum metal from aluminum oxide. In this process, both the anode and cathode are made of graphite.
Explanation:
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Hall-Heroult Process: This is a major industrial process for the extraction of aluminum. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is dissolved in molten cryolite (Na3AlF6) and electrolyzed in a cell. The process requires a high temperature of about 950 to 980 degrees Celsius.
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Role of Graphite in the Process: In the Hall-Heroult process, graphite serves a dual role as both the anode and the cathode. The graphite anode is consumed during the process as it reacts with oxygen ions, releasing carbon dioxide. The graphite cathode, on the other hand, remains relatively stable and provides a surface for the reduction of aluminum ions.
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Why Graphite is Used: Graphite is chosen for its electrical conductivity, its resistance to high temperatures, and its stability in the electrolytic environment. It is also relatively inexpensive and easy to fabricate, which is crucial for large-scale industrial processes.
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Cathode Properties in the Hall-Heroult Process: As per the desirable properties for cathode materials mentioned in the reference, graphite meets the criteria of being a stable material when in contact with the electrolyte, having a useful working voltage, being easy to fabricate, and having a low cost.
In summary, the use of a graphite rod as a cathode is specifically seen in the Hall-Heroult process for aluminum extraction, where its properties make it an ideal choice for withstanding the harsh electrolytic conditions and high temperatures involved in the process.
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