Pressure can significantly impact graphene, particularly through changes observed in its Raman spectra.
5 Key Insights on the Effect of Pressure on Graphene
1. Raman Spectra Changes
The G and 2D bands in the Raman spectra of graphene are sensitive to the number of layers.
For single-layer graphene, the 2D band is usually more intense than the G band.
As the number of layers increases, the intensity of the G band increases while the 2D band decreases.
This change is due to resonant processes and dispersive tendencies that depend on the Raman band position from the laser excitation.
For graphene with more than two layers, the 2D peak shifts to a higher wavenumber and the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) broadens.
This broadening is indicative of the layer thickness of the graphene sample.
2. Effect of Defects
Graphene contains various structural defects such as vacancies, wrinkles, functional groups, and contamination.
These defects can be influenced by the growth conditions and the substrate.
Defects can affect the properties and applications of graphene.
For instance, epitaxially grown graphene on Cu(111) surfaces may exhibit more residual stresses and fewer wrinkles or folds.
Controlling the defects in graphene is crucial for preparing high-quality films.
The understanding of defect formation and control is still developing, but it is essential for optimizing the synthesis of graphene with a uniform number of layers and controlled stacking order.
3. Implications for Synthesis and Characterization
The synthesis of multilayer graphene with a uniform number of layers and a controlled stacking order or torsion angle is challenging.
Techniques such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are used, but the mechanisms and reproducibility of producing high-quality graphene are not yet fully understood.
Techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to examine and characterize graphene samples.
These methods help in understanding the effects of pressure and other synthesis conditions on the properties of graphene.
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