Bio-oil, produced through the process of pyrolysis, is primarily used for several applications including as a substitute for conventional fuel oils in stationary applications, for upgrading into hydrocarbon fuels in refinery infrastructure, and for the production of chemicals and materials.
Substitution for Conventional Fuel Oils in Stationary Applications: Bio-oil can be used as a replacement for conventional fuel oils in stationary applications such as boilers and furnaces. This is regulated by the ASTM D7544 standard, which defines the specifications for pyrolysis oil when used as a liquid biofuel. The use of bio-oil in these applications can be advantageous due to its ease of handling and combustion, as demonstrated by its successful co-firing in a 350 MW gas-fired power station in Holland, where it replaced 1% of the boiler output.
Upgrading into Hydrocarbon Fuels in Refinery Infrastructure: Bio-oil can be refined using variations of conventional petroleum refining technology, such as hydrotreating and hydrocracking. This process involves the removal of oxygen and other impurities to improve the quality and stability of the bio-oil, making it more suitable for use as a transportation fuel. The goal of this development is to produce a fuel that could replace crude oil as a starting material for transportation use.
Production of Chemicals and Materials: The complex mixture of oxygenated compounds in bio-oil also presents opportunities for its use in the production of chemicals and materials. While the exact applications are not detailed in the provided text, the versatility of bio-oil in terms of chemical composition suggests potential for a wide range of industrial applications.
Challenges and Improvements: Bio-oil contains up to 40% oxygen by weight, which contributes to its poor stability in storage or when heated. This high oxygen content also makes it difficult to separate the bio-oil from the aqueous phase produced in the process. Development efforts have focused on producing bio-oil with lower oxygen contents (less than 25 wt%) to improve separation and oil quality, although this comes at the expense of lower yields of useful carbon.
In summary, bio-oil from pyrolysis is utilized in various sectors including energy, transportation, and chemical production, leveraging its unique properties and addressing its challenges through technological advancements and refining processes.
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