The materials that are also used as high temperature resistance materials include tantalum carbide, hafnium carbide, molybdenum, tungsten, and graphite.
Tantalum carbide and hafnium carbide have been discovered to withstand temperatures of nearly 4000 degrees Celsius. These materials are particularly useful in spacecraft, as they can withstand the extreme heat generated during leaving and re-entering the atmosphere.
Molybdenum is a refractory metal that is resistant to wear, corrosion, and deformation. It is commonly used in vacuum furnaces due to its high melting point and resistance to high temperatures. However, it undergoes a significant increase in resistivity when heated, so the electrical control system must compensate for this as the operating temperature increases.
Tungsten is another refractory metal that can be used at higher operating temperatures compared to molybdenum. However, it is more expensive.
Graphite is a material that is less costly than metallic elements and also has a high temperature resistance. It undergoes a decrease in electrical resistance when heated.
In addition to these materials, precious metals such as pure platinum, pure rhodium, and platinum/rhodium alloys can also be used as high-temperature heating elements. However, these materials are not as common due to their high cost and are often used for specialized applications in the glass industry and research and development.
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