The maximum temperature for a heating element can vary widely depending on the material used, ranging from 750°C for stainless steel tubes to as high as 2800°C for tungsten. The choice of material for the heating element is crucial as it must withstand temperatures higher than the required furnace or load temperature, typically by a safety range of 50 – 200°C.
Stainless Steel Tubes: Stainless steel tubes have a maximum temperature of 750°C, with a long-term use temperature of 650°C. These elements convert electrical energy into thermal energy, heating up when an electric current passes through them due to resistance heating. The heat is then transferred to the object being heated.
Resistance Wire and Alloys: Resistance wire heating is versatile, accommodating a wide range of temperatures. Common materials for low to medium temperature services include alloys of nickel and chromium or nickel, chromium, and iron. For instance, Ni-Cr alloys can withstand temperatures up to 1,150°C, while Ni-Cr-Fe alloys are suitable up to 950°C. These alloys are chosen for their high resistivity, high melting points, low temperature coefficients, and resistance to oxidation.
High-Temperature Materials: For higher temperature applications, materials like molybdenum disilicide can reach up to 1800°C, and tungsten can operate at a maximum of 2800°C. However, tungsten's practical application is often downgraded due to its brittleness when exposed to oxygen or water vapor and its sensitivity to changes in emissivity.
Furnace and Element Considerations: The type of heating element installed in a furnace determines its maximum temperature. Metallic wire elements can range from 1000°C to 1200°C, while molybdenum disilicide elements can reach 1800°C. For extremely high-temperature furnaces, radiation shields made from tungsten or tantalum can operate at up to 2400°C.
In summary, the maximum temperature for a heating element is dictated by the material's properties and its ability to withstand and operate at temperatures significantly higher than the furnace or load requirements, ensuring safety and longevity.
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