Metal can get extremely hot, depending on the type of metal and the specific application. Carbon steel and stainless steel can reach temperatures between 1425-1540°C (2597-2800°F) and 1375-1530°C (2500-2785°F) respectively. Titanium has a melting point of 1670°C (3038°F), while tungsten can withstand temperatures as high as 3400°C (6152°F).
For high temperatures, molybdenum is often used as it can tolerate temperatures up to 2500°C (4532°F). Tungsten is even more heat-resistant and is used for temperatures exceeding 2500°C. Steel, on the other hand, is suitable for hot zone temperatures below 1000°C (1832°F).
In some cases, hybrid hot zones are constructed using a combination of metals, graphite, and ceramics. Graphite and ceramics provide thermal insulation, reducing construction costs and improving insulation. This means that hybrid hot zones can operate at lower temperatures and require less investment.
Hot zones in high-temperature furnaces, crystal growth furnaces, and sapphire growth furnaces are usually made of metal. Molybdenum, molybdenum-lanthanum, TZM, tungsten, and tantalum are commonly used metals in these hot zones. Molybdenum is the most frequently used metal, with a temperature range of 1000-2500°C (1800-4532°F). Tungsten is used for temperatures above 2500°C, while ordinary heat-resistant metals like steel can be used for temperatures below 1000°C.
The efficiency of metal melting processes is influenced by the melting point of the metal. Steel, with a melting point of around 1300°C (2500°F), can be melted efficiently in induction furnaces. The high voltage essential coil in induction furnaces allows for rapid heating, leading to higher thermal efficiency and improved steel production.
Molten metal itself does not exhibit magnetic properties. Metals lose their magnetism before reaching their melting point, at a temperature known as the Curie temperature. The Curie temperature is different for each metal and is the temperature at which the material loses its permanent magnetic properties.
Slag is a by-product of the smelting process when a desired metal is separated from its raw ore. It is typically composed of metal oxides, silicon dioxide, and may also contain metal sulfides and elemental metals. Slag serves multiple purposes, including controlling the temperature of the smelting process and preventing re-oxidation of the final liquid metal product before pouring.
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