Slow pyrolysis operates within a specific temperature range of approximately 400 to 800°C (752 to 1472°F).
This range is chosen to maximize the yield of charcoal from biomass.
Slow pyrolysis is characterized by low heating rates and lengthy residence times for both solids and gases.
The slow heating rates typically range from 0.1 to 2 °C (32.18 to 35.6 °F) per second.
These slow heating rates allow for more controlled and gradual devolatilization of the biomass.
This leads to the production of tar and char as main products.
During this process, the biomass undergoes thermal degradation.
Thermal degradation involves the rupture of carbon–carbon bonds and the formation of carbon–oxygen bonds.
This degradation is facilitated by the relatively low temperatures compared to other pyrolysis methods like fast pyrolysis.
Fast pyrolysis operates at higher temperatures, ranging from 650 to 1000 °C (1202 to 1832 °F).
The choice of temperature in slow pyrolysis is strategic, aiming to optimize the charcoal yield and quality.
Lower temperatures within the specified range result in a higher yield of charcoal.
However, these lower temperatures also result in a higher content of volatiles.
This might affect the charcoal's properties depending on its intended use.
The long residence times for biomass range from minutes to days.
For gases, the residence time is over five seconds.
These long residence times further enhance the effectiveness of slow pyrolysis.
They allow sufficient time for repolymerization and recombination reactions to occur after the primary reactions.
These reactions are crucial for the formation of stable char and tar.
In summary, slow pyrolysis operates within a specific temperature range (400 to 800°C).
It utilizes slow heating rates and lengthy residence times to optimize the production of charcoal and other by-products from biomass.
This method is particularly suited for applications where high-quality char is desired.
It offers a balance between yield and product quality by carefully controlling the pyrolysis conditions.
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