Faqs - Vertical High Temperature Graphite Vacuum Graphitization Furnace

What Is A Recommended Maintenance Practice For Modern Ceramic Furnaces? Prioritize Firmware Updates For Peak Performance
Learn why installing firmware updates is the most critical maintenance step for modern ceramic furnaces to ensure accuracy, compatibility, and reliability.
What Is A Tube Furnace? The Ultimate Guide To Precision High-Temperature Processing
Discover how a tube furnace provides precise temperature control and atmospheric isolation for material synthesis, annealing, and crystal growth applications.
How Does A Vacuum Affect Heat Transfer? Master Precise Thermal Control In Your Lab
Discover how a vacuum eliminates convection, minimizes conduction, and enables pure radiative heat transfer for superior insulation or precise heating applications.
What Is Thermal Activation Of Activated Carbon? Unlock Its Power For Superior Purification
Learn how thermal activation creates activated carbon's immense surface area for effective adsorption in air and water purification applications.
What Furnace Is Used For Calcination? A Guide To Muffle, Rotary Kiln, And Shaft Furnaces
Learn about muffle, rotary kiln, and shaft furnaces for calcination. Choose the right furnace based on your material, scale, and atmosphere control needs.
What Are The Different Types Of Sintering Process In Ceramics? Choose The Right Method For Your Application
Learn about solid-state, liquid-phase, and viscous sintering, plus pressurized vs. unpressurized methods, to optimize ceramic density and performance.
What Is The Advantage Of Induction Brazing? Speed Vs. Integrity For Your Assembly Needs
Compare induction brazing's speed with vacuum brazing's superior joint integrity, cleanliness, and strength for critical lab components.
What Is A Tube Furnace Used For? Achieve Precise, Controlled Thermal Processing
Discover tube furnace applications: annealing, sintering, purification & material synthesis. Ideal for labs needing precise temperature & atmosphere control.
What Is The Highest Temperature For Sintering? The Answer Depends On Your Material
Sintering temperature isn't a single value. Learn how it's determined by material melting point, from 600°C for aluminum alloys to over 2800°C for tungsten.
How Hot Can A Lab Furnace Get? Match The Right Heating Technology To Your Application
Lab furnace temperatures range from 1000°C to 2000°C+. Learn how heating element technology determines the heat you can achieve for your work.
What Is The Density Of Synthetic Graphite? Understanding The Range From 1.5 To 2.26 G/Cm³
Learn why synthetic graphite density varies from 1.5-1.95 g/cm³ (bulk) to 2.26 g/cm³ (theoretical), and how it impacts performance for your lab needs.
What Is A Horizontal Tube Furnace? Achieve Precise Thermal Processing For Your Materials
Learn how a horizontal tube furnace provides uniform heating, controlled atmospheres, and easy sample access for laboratory and industrial applications.
How Does Vacuum Help In Induction Melting Furnace? Essential For High-Purity, Reactive Metal Melting
Discover how a vacuum in induction melting prevents contamination, removes gases, and enables the production of high-performance alloys like titanium and superalloys.
What Is A High Temperature Inert Atmosphere Furnace? Control Your Heat Treatment Process
Learn how inert atmosphere furnaces prevent oxidation & contamination during high-temperature processes like brazing, sintering, and annealing.
What Is The Temperature Of Pyrolysis Heating? Optimize Your Output: Biochar, Bio-Oil, Or Syngas
Pyrolysis temperature ranges from 400°C to 900°C. Learn how to control it to maximize yields of biochar, bio-oil, or syngas for your specific application.
What Is The Temperature Range For Fast Pyrolysis? Optimize Bio-Oil Yield From Biomass
Fast pyrolysis occurs at 450-650°C (840-1200°F) to maximize liquid bio-oil yield. Learn how temperature, heating rate, and residence time affect your product.
What Is The Difference Between Laser Melting And Sintering? A Guide To Particle Fusion Methods
Learn the key differences between laser melting and sintering, including density, material compatibility, and internal stress for additive manufacturing.
At What Temperature Will Quartz Melt? Unlocking Its Complex High-Temperature Journey
Quartz melts between 1650°C and 1723°C, but first undergoes key phase transitions. Learn why it lacks a simple melting point.
Which Method Of Heat Transfer Can Work Through Vacuum? Unlock The Power Of Thermal Radiation
Discover why thermal radiation is the only heat transfer method that works in a vacuum, with real-world examples from thermos flasks to spacecraft.
What Is The Temperature Range Of A Box Furnace? From 1000°C To 1800°C Based On Heating Type
Discover the key factors that determine a box furnace's temperature range, from standard muffle furnaces to high-temperature models for advanced materials.
Why Must An Mgo-Coated Substrate Undergo Annealing Before Electrolyte Deposition? Enhance Layer Stability And Performance
Learn why annealing at 850 °C in a tube or muffle furnace is vital for converting MgO coatings into stable crystalline insulating layers.
What Types Of Materials Can Be Deposited Using Pecvd? Discover Versatile Thin Film Solutions For Your Lab
Explore materials deposited via PECVD, from Silicon Nitride and Oxide to DLC. Learn how this low-temp process enhances semiconductor fabrication.
What Are The Primary Disadvantages Of Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd)? Navigate Challenges In Thin Film Manufacturing
Explore the key limitations of CVD, from high thermal requirements and hazardous precursors to operational costs and material constraints.
What Role Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Play In The Fusion-Hydrothermal Synthesis Of Coal Fly Ash Zeolite?
Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces activate coal fly ash, breaking down inert structures to enable high-purity zeolite synthesis.
What Technical Advantages Does A Penetrating Vacuum Chromizing Unit Offer? Rapid 3-5 Minute Tube Diffusion Processing
Discover how penetrating vacuum chromizing outperforms traditional methods with high-speed 3-5 minute cycles and superior diffusion layer integrity.
How Does A Gradient Heating Furnace Achieve The Separation Of Different Iodine Species? Master Thermochromatography
Learn how gradient heating furnaces use negative temperature gradients and adsorption enthalpy to separate iodine species for precise analysis.
What Is The Function Of A Reaction Vessel With Controlled Humidity In Cvd? Master Silicone Nanofilament Growth
Learn how humidity-controlled reaction vessels (26-40% RH) regulate hydrolysis and polycondensation for precise silicone nanofilament deposition.
What Role Does A High-Temperature Box Resistance Furnace Play In Ni-Cr Superalloys? Expert Metallurgical Aging Guide
Learn how high-temperature box furnaces simulate industrial aging in Ni-Cr superalloys through thermal endurance and microstructural transformation.
How Does A Laboratory Muffle Furnace Contribute To The Generation Of Active Metal Oxide Components? Optimize Catalysis
Learn how muffle furnaces enable thermal decomposition and calcination to create high-performance Fe2O3 and CuO catalysts with precise control.
How Does A High-Temperature Atmosphere Furnace Ensure The Quality Of The Nitrided Layer? Ensure Precision & Durability
Discover how atmosphere furnaces guarantee nitrided layer quality through precise gas regulation, superior sealing, and uniform nitrogen diffusion.
How Does Thermal Uniformity Of A Muffle Furnace Affect Sa508 Alloy? Master Carbide Precipitation And Fatigue Resistance
Learn how precise thermal uniformity in muffle furnaces prevents Ostwald ripening and ensures fine carbide dispersion in SA508 alloy tempering.
What Is The Role Of Muffle Furnaces In Ni-Based Catalyst Preparation? Optimize Syngas Reforming Efficiency
Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive calcination, shaping the microstructure and thermal stability of Ni-based catalysts for syngas.
How Does A Muffle Furnace Influence Na2Ni2Teo6 & Na2Zn2Teo6? Optimize Solid Electrolyte Sintering
Learn how high-temperature muffle and atmosphere furnaces drive densification and ionic conductivity in composite solid electrolytes.
Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Used For Calcination At 900°C? Optimizing Ferrocolumbite Residue Stability
Learn why 900°C calcination in a muffle furnace is essential for converting Ferrocolumbite residues into stable, crystalline NaNbO3 and NaTaO3.
Why Is It Necessary To Perform Heat Treatment In A Muffle Furnace After Tio2 Nanotube Synthesis? Unlock Anatase Power
Learn why high-temperature muffle furnace calcination is critical for transforming amorphous TiO2 nanotubes into active anatase crystals.
Why Use High-Temperature Sintering For Peo Zirconium Coatings? Achieve Maximum Coating Stability And Stress Relief
Learn why sintering is critical for PEO zirconium alloy coatings to stabilize crystalline structures and eliminate internal mechanical stresses.
What Are The Primary Functions Of A Laboratory High-Temperature Box Furnace In Heavy Metal Coolant Interaction Experiments?
Learn how high-temperature box furnaces enable precise thermal simulation, lead coolant melting, and chemical erosion testing in reactor research.
How Does The Flow Of Argon Or Nitrogen Gas Assist In Mof Catalyst Synthesis? Achieving Precise Atomic Architecture
Learn how inert gas flow in tube furnaces prevents oxidation and enables controlled carbonization for high-performance single-atom catalysts.
How Are Muffle Furnaces Used In Cellulose Pre-Treatment? Optimize Composite Fiber Bonding & Carbonization
Learn how high-precision muffle furnaces control cellulose carbonization (300°C-400°C) to enhance interfacial bonding in PAN composite fibers.
How Is The Solid-State Reaction Process Conducted For Niobate Phosphors? Achieve High Phase Purity At 1673 K
Learn how high-temperature tube and muffle furnaces drive solid-state diffusion to synthesize niobate phosphors with stable monoclinic structures.
Role Of Muffle Furnaces In Ceo2 Synthesis: Achieve Precise Crystalline Transformation
Learn how laboratory muffle furnaces enable thermal oxidative decomposition to convert cerium precursors into stable CeO2 structures at 500°C.
What Core Functions Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Perform In Fe2O3–Ceo2 Synthesis? Key Roles In Crystallization
Discover how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive thermal decomposition, phase stabilization, and purification of Fe2O3–CeO2 nanocomposites.
How Are High-Performance Vacuum Furnaces Used In Helium Implantation Annealing? Master Material Defect Visualization
Learn how vacuum furnaces at 500°C enable helium bubble nucleation and growth to study gas suppression in high-entropy alloys.
How Does An Atmosphere Tube Furnace Treat Na3Sbs4-Xsex Electrolytes? Unlock High Ionic Conductivity
Learn how Atmosphere Tube Furnaces enable the crystallization of Na3SbS4-xSex electrolytes under inert Argon at 450°C.
How Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Facilitate The Formation Of Pore Structures In Dolomite-Based Ceramics?
Learn how muffle furnaces use oxidative combustion and thermal decomposition to create and stabilize pore structures in dolomite-based ceramics.
How Do Quartz Reactors And Furnaces Facilitate Metal Hydride Decomposition? Achieve Pure Dehydrogenation And Alloying
Learn how quartz reactors and high-temperature furnaces enable precise thermal decomposition of metal hydrides while preventing oxidation.
What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Atmosphere Furnace In Mof/Zif Pyrolysis? Engineering Porous Carbon Supports
Learn how high-temperature atmosphere furnaces transform MOF and ZIF precursors into conductive, porous carbon supports through controlled pyrolysis.
How Does A Muffle Furnace Influence 8Ysz Ceramic Densification? Master Precision Sintering At 1500°C
Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces drive 8YSZ densification through solid-phase diffusion and controlled grain growth at 1500°C.
What Conditions Do Industrial Furnaces Provide For Biomass Carbonization? Optimize Your Activated Carbon Production
Master the pyrolysis of biomass with industrial tube and muffle furnaces. Learn how precise temperature and inert atmospheres refine carbon pores.
How Does A Precision High-Temperature Furnace Ensure Process Quality For Ti-6Al-4V Forging? Achieve Peak Alloy Integrity
Learn how precision high-temperature furnaces use controlled heating rates and holding times to optimize Ti-6Al-4V alloy phase transformations.
What Are The Common Applications Of A Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace? Produce High-Purity Metals For Demanding Industries
Discover how vacuum induction melting (VIM) furnaces are used in aerospace, nuclear, and specialty steel industries to create ultra-pure, high-performance alloys.
What Is The Basic Construction And Temperature Control Mechanism Of A Laboratory Tube Furnace? Master Precision Heating For Your Lab
Learn how a lab tube furnace's cylindrical design, heating elements, and thermocouple feedback loop create precise, uniform high-temperature environments.
What Types Of Atmospheres Are Possible Within A Vacuum Tube Furnace? Master Precise Material Processing Environments
Explore vacuum, inert, reducing, and reactive gas atmospheres in tube furnaces for advanced material synthesis, heat treatment, and CVD applications.
What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using A Tube Furnace? Optimize Heat Treatment For New Metallic Alloys
Unlock precision in alloy development with tube furnaces. Explore superior atmosphere control, rapid cycling, and microstructure verification.
What Role Does A High-Temperature Annealing Furnace Play In Lpbf Nab? Optimize Microstructure For Industrial Performance
Learn how high-temperature annealing furnaces stabilize LPBF Nickel-Aluminum Bronze by transforming brittle phases and removing residual stresses.
What Role Does A Vertical High-Temperature Tube Furnace Play In Sofc Interconnect Testing? Simulate Corrosion Environments
Learn how vertical tube furnaces simulate SOFC interconnect corrosion using dual-atmosphere control and precise thermal regulation for Fe-16Cr alloys.
How Do High-Temperature Box Resistance Furnaces Regulate The Microstructure Of T91 And Ht9 Steels? Precise Thermal Control
Learn how high-temperature box furnaces regulate T91 and HT9 steel microstructures through precise normalizing and tempering cycles for research.
Why Are Al-Doped Llzo Samples Subjected To Post-Treatment? Restoring Purity For Solid Electrolyte Performance
Learn why post-treatment in a muffle furnace is vital for Al-doped LLZO to remove carbon contamination and ensure accurate electrical testing.
How Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Influence Zirconia Thin Films? Master Crystal Structure Evolution
Learn how annealing Zirconia thin films in a muffle furnace at 400°C–550°C triggers the amorphous-to-tetragonal phase transformation.
Why Is A Tube Furnace With A Controlled Atmosphere Required For Nanoparticle Catalysts? Achieve High Dispersion.
Learn how controlled atmosphere tube furnaces enable precise reduction of metal nanoparticles while preventing sintering and agglomeration.
Why Is A Box Resistance Furnace Required For Gd2Ti2O5S2 Air Calcination? Enhance Photocatalytic Material Purity
Learn why muffle furnaces are essential for Gd2Ti2O5S2 precursor calcination, enabling organic removal and surface chemistry optimization.
What Is The Role Of A High-Temperature Atmosphere Furnace In Gd2Ti2O5S2 Synthesis? Master Flux-Mediated Crystal Growth
Learn how high-temperature atmosphere furnaces enable the synthesis of high-quality Gd2Ti2O5S2 single crystals through controlled flux-mediated reactions.
What Is The Necessity Of Using A Vacuum Tube Furnace For Boron Carbide (B4C)? Achieve Optimal Preform Sintering
Learn why high-temperature vacuum tube furnaces are essential for B4C processing to prevent oxidation and ensure successful metal infiltration.
What Is The Role Of A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In The Preparation Of Ce-Mn Catalysts? Boost Structural Reactivity
Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces facilitate the 350°C calcination, phase transformation, and manganese integration for Ce-Mn catalysts.
What Role Does A High-Temperature Atmosphere Furnace Play In Ensuring The Reliability Of Lco And Latp Research?
Discover how high-temperature atmosphere furnaces ensure LCO and LATP co-sintering reliability through precise thermal and chemical control.
What Is The Significance Of Using High-Temperature Furnaces For 12% Cr Steel? Optimize Microstructure & Reduce Ferrite
Learn how industrial high-temperature furnaces reduce δ-ferrite in 12% Cr martensitic steel from 10% to 1% to prevent embrittlement and failure.
Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Used For 600°C Tio2 Calcination? Optimize Catalyst Purity And Phase Stability
Learn why a muffle furnace is vital for 600°C TiO2 calcination, from P123 surfactant removal to achieving the stable rutile crystalline phase.
Why Is A High-Temperature Solution Annealing Furnace Necessary For Ht-Ups Steel? Unlock Peak Material Performance
Learn why 1150-1200°C annealing is critical for HT-UPS steel to ensure carbide dissolution, nanoscale precipitation, and superior creep strength.
What Effect Does A High-Vacuum Environment In A Hot-Press Furnace Have On Mo-Na Alloys? Achieve Pure Microstructures
Learn how high-vacuum hot-pressing (5x10⁻³ Pa) refines Mo-Na alloy microstructures, prevents oxidation, and ensures superior metallurgical bonding.
What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Test Furnace In Rafm Steel Testing? Replicate Nuclear Reactor Conditions
Learn how high-temperature furnaces simulate reactor environments to accurately measure the UTS and elongation of RAFM steel for nuclear safety.
What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Temperature Tube Furnace In Chlorosilane Research? Enhance Material Testing.
Learn how high-temperature tube furnaces simulate industrial silicon production to study iron corrosion and phase transformations accurately.
How Does A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Function During The Preparation Of Latp Solid Electrolyte Ceramic Sheets?
Learn how muffle furnaces drive calcination and sintering to form NASICON structures in LATP solid electrolyte ceramic sheets.
Why Is A High-Temperature Annealing Furnace Used For Zircaloy-2 Before Irradiation? Essential Sample Preparation Guide
Learn why 630 °C annealing is critical for Zircaloy-2 samples to eliminate residual stress and ensure accurate ion irradiation research data.
How Does A Programmable High-Temperature Furnace Ensure Accuracy For Tbc Experiments? Precision Thermal Cycling
Learn how programmable high-temperature furnaces use precise thermal profiles and cooling curves to validate thermal barrier coatings (TBC).
What Are The Key Functions Of Muffle Or Tube Furnaces In Soil Remediation? Stabilize And Recover Heavy Metals Effectively
Learn how high-temperature furnaces use gasification and vitrification to extract or stabilize heavy metals in contaminated soil remediation.
Why Is A Vacuum Oven Utilized For Ruthenium Chloride Pre-Treatment? Ensure High-Precision Si-Ruo2 Catalyst Preparation
Learn why vacuum ovens are essential for pre-treating ruthenium chloride to ensure stoichiometric accuracy and preserve catalyst morphology.
How Is A Tube Furnace Utilized In High-Temperature Corrosion Experiments For Atf? Simulating Reactor Safety Scenarios
Learn how tube furnaces simulate accident scenarios for ATF materials through steam oxidation and precise thermal control up to 1200°C.
Which Types Of Laboratory Furnaces Are Used For Llzto Powders? Expert Tools For High-Purity Solid Electrolytes
Learn why muffle and tube furnaces are essential for synthesizing cubic-phase LLZTO ceramic powders with high ionic conductivity and phase purity.
What Role Does A High-Temperature Hot Press Play In The Sintering Of Nite-Sic? Optimize Your Densification Process
Learn how high-temperature hot presses enable NITE-SiC densification through thermo-mechanical coupling, reducing temperatures and grain growth.
What Are The Roles Of Laboratory Drying Ovens And Muffle Furnaces In Biomass Analysis? Precision Thermal Treatment
Learn how drying ovens and muffle furnaces enable precise cellulose and lignin quantification through constant weight and ash correction methods.
Why Is A Multi-Channel Atmosphere Protection Furnace Required For Soec Simulation? Achieve Precise Oxidation Testing
Learn why multi-channel furnaces are essential for SOEC research, providing dual-atmosphere control for steam and oxygen oxidation experiments.
How Does A Tube Atmosphere Furnace Provide The Necessary Sintering Environment For Converting Lignin Foam? Expert Guide
Learn how tube atmosphere furnaces use precise temperature and inert gas to transform lignin foam into high-quality carbon foam.
Why Is A High Vacuum System Essential For Ti-22Al-25Nb Hot Pressing? Protect Your Alloys From Oxidation
Learn why a high vacuum system is critical for Ti-22Al-25Nb alloys to prevent oxidation, element segregation, and material embrittlement.
How Is A High-Temperature Furnace Used For Magnetic Hps Catalyst Synthesis? Optimize In Situ Thermal Decomposition
Learn how high-temperature furnaces facilitate in situ thermal decomposition to integrate magnetic nanoparticles into HPS catalyst structures.
How Does A Muffle Furnace Distinguish Between Volatile Matter And Ash? Optimize Your Charcoal Analysis
Learn how specific temperature gradients of 700°C and 900°C in a muffle furnace accurately separate volatile matter from ash in charcoal analysis.
Why Is Precise Temperature Program Control Necessary For Carbonization Furnaces? Unlock Charcoal Quality And Efficiency
Learn how precise temperature control in carbonization furnaces optimizes fixed carbon, structural strength, and byproduct recovery for wood charcoal.
How Does A High-Temperature Sintering Furnace Contribute To Llzto Pellets? Achieve High-Density Garnet Electrolytes
Learn how high-temperature sintering furnaces enable densification and cubic phase stability in LLZTO garnet electrolyte pellets for batteries.
What Role Does A High-Temperature Tube Atmosphere Furnace Play In Cr/Crxn Conversion? Enhance Coating Durability
Learn how tube atmosphere furnaces using ammonia gas convert chromium coatings into Cr/CrxN composites via precise nitriding at 650°C-750°C.
How Does External Heating In Vacuum Hot Pressing Benefit Large Magnesium Components Vs Sps? Scaling Your Production
Discover why external radiant heating provides superior thermal uniformity for large magnesium alloy parts compared to Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS).
Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Required For Xli2Zro3–(1−X)Li4Sio4? Ensure Ceramic Structural Integrity
Learn why dual-stage muffle furnace heating is essential for synthesizing xLi2ZrO3–(1−x)Li4SiO4 composite ceramics with high mechanical stability.
How Does High-Temperature Heating Equipment Simulate The Service Environment Of Ceramics? Expert Testing Strategies
Learn how high-temperature equipment uses cyclic loading to simulate nuclear fusion environments and validate ceramic material stability.
What Roles Do Temperature-Controlled Furnaces And Inert Gas Play In Hot-Dip Aluminizing? Master Coating Precision
Learn how high-precision resistance furnaces and inert gas protection systems ensure coating uniformity and chemical integrity in aluminizing.
What Is The Significance Of Using A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace In The Solid-State Transformation Of Cufe12O19?
Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces enable precise phase transformation and magnetic enhancement of CuFe12O19 nanoparticles at 600°C.
Why Is A High-Temperature Muffle Furnace Necessary For Aptes-Modified Tio2? Optimize Your Material Phase Transformation
Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces enable precise calcination of APTES-modified TiO2 to enhance crystalline structure and surface activity.
What Is The Necessity Of Controlled Atmosphere Furnaces For Gas Corrosion? Ensure Precise Material Failure Modeling
Learn why controlled atmosphere furnaces are essential for simulating high-temperature gas corrosion and accurately predicting structural failure.
What Is The Function Of A High-Temperature Atmosphere Furnace In The Carbonization Of Cellulose Waste? Expert Guide
Learn how high-temperature atmosphere furnaces transform cellulose waste into stable carbon for graphene oxide via controlled thermal decomposition.
What Role Do High-Temperature Muffle Furnaces Play In Metal Oxide Precursor Pre-Treatment? Ensure Structural Integrity
Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces stabilize metal oxide precursors through sintering to prevent disintegration during electrolysis.
Which Core Process Conditions Does A Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace Provide For Zrb2-Sic Layered Ceramics?
Learn how 1800°C heat, uniaxial pressure, and vacuum prevent oxidation and drive full densification in ZrB2-SiC layered ceramics.
What Is The Function Of Quartz Tubes And Vacuum Sealing Systems? Secure Your High-Purity Solid Solution Synthesis
Learn how vacuum-sealed quartz tubes protect air-sensitive Li-Lu-Zr-Cl solid solutions from moisture and oxidation during high-temp synthesis.
What Role Does A Muffle Furnace Play In Sm-Doped Srtio3 Ceramics? Ensure Phase Purity And Precision Synthesis
Learn how high-temperature muffle furnaces facilitate precursor decomposition and perovskite phase formation in Sm-doped SrTiO3 ceramics.