Faqs - Double Layer Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Electrochemical Cell

How Do The Stainless Steel Shell And The Ptfe Liner Function Differently In A High-Pressure Autoclave Reactor?
Learn how the stainless steel shell provides mechanical strength while the PTFE liner ensures chemical purity in high-pressure autoclave reactors.
What Is The Role Of A Plasma Reactor In Cobalt Ferrite Synthesis? Enhance Magnetic Performance With Plasma Processing
Learn how plasma reactors refine cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) through non-equilibrium low-temperature plasma for superior magnetic properties.
What Core Functions Do High-Pressure Reactors Perform In Biomass Steam Explosion? Unlock Lignocellulosic Potential
Learn how high-pressure reactors facilitate thermal priming and mechanical deconstruction to increase biomass porosity and enzymatic accessibility.
What Are The Advantages Of Using 316L Stainless Steel Reactors For The High-Temperature Dilute Acid Hydrolysis?
Learn why 316L stainless steel reactors are essential for rice husk hydrolysis, offering corrosion resistance and purity at high temperatures.
Why Must Stainless Steel Reactors Be Utilized For Cfrp Alkali Fusion? Ensuring Safety In Harsh Chemical Environments
Learn why stainless steel is mandatory for CFRP alkali fusion decomposition to resist corrosive molten salts and ensure process safety.
How Does A High-Pressure Reactor Facilitate The Hydrogenation Of Nitrile Compounds? Master Selective Synthesis
Learn how high-pressure reactors optimize the conversion of benzonitrile to dibenzylamine through precise pressure and temperature control.
What Is The Function Of High-Pressure Reactors In Microalgae Liquefaction? Unlock Bio-Oil Production Efficiency
Learn how high-pressure reactors enable subcritical water states to convert wet microalgae into bio-oil without energy-intensive drying processes.
What Role Does A Hydrothermal Reactor Play In Porous Hydroxyapatite Synthesis? Optimize Ha Catalysts With Precision
Learn how hydrothermal reactors control phase composition, crystal growth, and dopant integration for high-quality porous HA catalyst synthesis.
Why Is High Chemical Stability For Reactor Linings Required For Levulinic Acid Hydrogenation? Protect Your Equipment
Learn why chemical stability is crucial for reactor linings during levulinic acid hydrogenation to prevent corrosion and catalyst poisoning.
How Does The Combination Of An Anchor Impeller And Fluid Baffles In A 50L Stirred-Tank Reactor Optimize Efficiency?
Learn how the anchor impeller and baffle synergy overcomes mass transfer limits and high viscosity for superior 15 wt% solid enzymatic hydrolysis.
How Does A Laboratory Stirred Reactor Ensure Effective Results? Optimize Mass Transfer In Catalytic Ozonation
Learn how laboratory stirred reactors eliminate mass transfer resistance and ensure uniform catalyst suspension for precise kinetic data.
Why Must Photocatalytic Co2 Reduction Use A Closed Glass Reactor With Quartz? Ensure Precision And High Light Efficiency
Learn why closed glass reactors and quartz windows are essential for photocatalytic CO2 reduction to prevent gas loss and maximize light energy.
What Critical Environmental Conditions Does A High-Pressure Hydrothermal Synthesis Reactor Provide For Nanofibers?
Learn how high-pressure hydrothermal reactors create the sealed, high-temp environments needed for in-situ growth on composite nanofibers.
What Are The Advantages Of A Double-Layer Bracket Design Inside A High-Pressure Reactor? Optimize Your Phase Comparisons
Discover how double-layer bracket designs in high-pressure reactors eliminate systemic errors and ensure identical conditions for phase studies.
What Conditions Does A High-Pressure Hydrothermal Reactor Provide For Pe Microplastic Degradation? Master Aops Today
Learn how hydrothermal autoclaves provide the heat and pressure needed for thermal activation of oxidants to degrade PE microplastics via AOPs.
Role Of High-Pressure Reactor In Bi1-Xlaxfeo3 Synthesis? Master Morphology And Doping Control
Learn how high-pressure reactors drive dissolution-recrystallization to optimize morphology and doping in Bi1-xLaxFeO3 microparticle synthesis.
How Does A High-Pressure Reactor Facilitate The Hydrothermal Reaction? Enhance Magnesium Hydroxide Layer Precision
Learn how high-pressure reactors optimize hydrothermal reactions to create dense magnesium hydroxide layers with superior adhesion and kinetics.
How Does A High-Throughput Sequential Reactor Coupled With An Online Mass Spectrometer Facilitate Catalyst Development?
Learn how integrated high-throughput reactors and mass spectrometers accelerate catalyst screening while preventing material degradation.
What Role Do Chemical Reactors Or Heating And Stirring Devices Play In The Synthesis Of Pin Precursor Resins?
Learn how precise temperature control and uniform agitation in reactors prevent over-reaction during PIN precursor resin synthesis.
What Are The Advantages Of Nickel-Based Alloy Reactors For Hi Decomposition? Ensure Durability In Acidic Environments
Learn why nickel-based alloys are essential for HI decomposition, offering superior corrosion resistance and strength at 400°C–500°C.
What Is The Function Of High-Temperature Chemical Reactors For High-Purity Antimony Trioxide? Precision Processing Guide
Learn how high-temperature reactors control oxidation and thermodynamics to ensure extreme whiteness and precise particle size in antimony trioxide.
What Are The Functions Of A Stainless Steel Autoclave With Ptfe Liner In Glycerol Etherification? Maximize Purity & Safety
Learn how the combination of a stainless steel shell and PTFE liner handles pressure and acidic corrosion in glycerol etherification research.
What Role Does A Continuous Flow Quartz Tube Reactor Play In Xas? Ensure Precise Catalyst Pre-Treatment
Learn how continuous flow quartz tube reactors enable in-situ catalyst reduction and eliminate data artifacts for accurate XANES analysis.
How Does A High-Pressure Hydrothermal Synthesis Reactor Assist In Reducing Hazardous Substances? Scavenging Formaldehyde
Learn how high-pressure reactors transform biomass into hydrochar to effectively reduce hazardous formaldehyde emissions in composite resins.
What Function Does A High-Pressure Stainless Steel Reactor Perform In Cwo? Optimize Deep Mineralization Efficiency
Learn how high-pressure reactors facilitate catalytic wet oxidation by enhancing oxygen solubility and driving deep mineralization of pollutants.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Stainless Steel Cylindrical Reactor? Maximize Photocatalytic Efficiency
Discover why stainless steel cylindrical reactors outperform open containers for pharmaceutical degradation through superior energy and chemical resistance.
Why Is A High-Precision Constant Temperature Stirring Reactor Necessary For Mno2 Synthesis? Unlock Peak Oxidation
Learn how precise thermodynamic control and uniform shear fields optimize MnO2 nanoparticle structure for superior oxidative degradation.
What Is The Function Of High-Pressure Reactors In Semiconductor Catalyst Preparation? Optimize Your Heterojunctions
Learn how high-pressure reactors create atomic-scale interfaces and built-in electric fields for advanced semiconductor heterojunction catalysts.
Why Is A Teflon-Lined High-Pressure Reactor Utilized For Zns Nanopowders? Ensure Purity & Optimized Crystallization
Learn why Teflon-lined reactors are essential for ZnS synthesis: maintaining high-pressure environments while preventing chemical contamination.
What Is The Function Of A High-Precision Temperature-Controlled Reactor In The Synthesis Of Bio-Based Benzoxazine Monomers?
Learn how high-precision reactors ensure oxazine ring closure and minimize side products through rigorous 90°C thermal stability.
Why Is A High-Temperature Reactor With Strong Stirring Necessary For Lignin Modification? Achieve Efficient Conversion
Learn how high-temperature reactors and strong stirring overcome viscosity and steric hindrance in lignin hydroxyalkylation modification processes.
How Do Precision Reactors Control Product Quality In Mannich Amination Of Lignin? Achieve Superior Site-Specific Accuracy
Learn how precision reactors regulate pH and temperature to ensure targeted amination of lignin for high charge density and colloidal stability.
What Are The Advantages Of A High-Pressure Reactor With Magnetic Stirring? Achieve Precise Mineral Solubility Results
Discover how magnetic stirring in high-pressure reactors ensures homogeneity and accelerates thermodynamic equilibrium for accurate mineral testing.
Why Is A Precisely Controlled Reactor System Necessary For Zvinp Synthesis? Ensure Purity & Uniformity
Learn why high-integrity sealing and kinetic mixing are vital in reactor systems for synthesizing pure zero-valent iron nanoparticles (ZVINPs).
What Are The Material And Pressure Requirements For High-Pressure Reactors Used In The Carbonylation Of Furan Compounds?
Discover critical material and pressure requirements for furan carbonylation, focusing on corrosion resistance and safe CO handling at 5 bar+.
How Is A Pyrolysis Reactor Heated? A Guide To Gas, Electric & Induction Methods
Explore the primary heating methods for pyrolysis reactors: gas-fired, electric resistance, and induction. Learn how each impacts temperature control, cost, and efficiency.
How Does A High-Pressure Hydrothermal Reactor Facilitate The Synthesis Of Mesoporous Hydroxyapatite? Master Your Catalyst
Learn how high-pressure reactors enable subcritical synthesis of mesoporous hydroxyapatite catalysts for superior catalytic performance.
What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Pressure Reactor In Methane Oxidation? Unlock Liquid-Phase Efficiency
Learn how high-pressure stainless steel reactors overcome methane solubility limits to enhance mass transfer and yield in selective oxidation.
What Is The Correct Procedure For Installing And Connecting A Graphite Electrode During An Experiment? Ensure Accurate Electrochemical Results
Learn the step-by-step procedure for installing a graphite electrode, including mechanical stability, correct polarity, and surface preparation for reliable data.
Which Reactor Is Used For Hydrogenation? Choosing The Right System For Safe And Efficient Reactions
Discover the best reactors for hydrogenation, including stirred-tank and fixed-bed systems, and learn how to manage pressure, mixing, and safety.
What Are The Components Of A Pyrolysis Machine? A Complete Breakdown Of The Core System
Learn about the key components of a pyrolysis machine: reactor, feeding system, heating, condensation, and discharge. Essential for process control and product yield.
What Are The Limitations Of Fluidized Bed Reactor? Key Challenges In Design And Operation
Explore the main limitations of fluidized bed reactors, including erosion, particle entrainment, and complex scale-up, to make an informed reactor choice.
How Does Pressure Affect Pyrolysis? Control Product Yields From Bio-Oil To Syngas
Learn how pressure in pyrolysis shifts product yields: higher pressure increases char & gas, while lower pressure maximizes bio-oil. Optimize your process.
What Is The Function Of A Pyrolysis Reactor? Transform Waste Into Valuable Resources With Thermal Cracking
Discover how a pyrolysis reactor thermally decomposes waste without oxygen to produce bio-oil, syngas, and bio-char. Learn about different reactor types and their uses.
How Is Pyrolysis Oil Produced? Turn Biomass Into Bio-Crude With Fast Pyrolysis
Learn how pyrolysis oil is made from biomass via fast pyrolysis. Discover the process, key stages, and challenges of producing this renewable fuel alternative.
What Technical Advantages Does A High-Pressure Sealed Reactor Offer For Transesterification? Boost Biodiesel Efficiency
Discover how high-pressure reactors optimize transesterification by maintaining stoichiometry and accelerating reaction kinetics for biodiesel.
What Role Does A Temperature-Controlled Reactor Play In Pet Waste Degradation? Optimize Glycolysis Efficiency
Learn how temperature-controlled reactors facilitate PET glycolysis and transesterification to produce high-quality BHPT oligomers.
Why Use Precision-Machined Stainless Steel Liners In Parallel Reactors? Optimize Catalyst Evaluation Consistency
Learn how precision-machined stainless steel liners ensure experimental consistency, high-temperature durability, and rapid catalyst screening.
What Experimental Conditions Do High-Pressure Reactors Provide For Studying The Chemical Corrosion Of Epoxy Resins?
Learn how high-pressure reactors simulate ozone and nitric acid environments to test the chemical resistance and oxidation of epoxy resins.
How Does A Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Reactor Ensure The Quality Of Protective Coatings? Achieve Superior Density
Learn how CVD reactors use environmental control and precise vapor delivery to create dense, corrosion-resistant coatings on complex geometries.
How Do Stirring Speeds In Batch Reactors Affect Enzymatic Hydrolysis? Optimize Mass Transfer For Maximum Glucose Yield
Learn how high stirring speeds and reactor geometry overcome mass-transfer limits to boost enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency and yield.
Why Is The Inclusion Of An Agitator In A Plastic Pyrolysis Reactor Critical? Boost Heat Transfer And Yield
Learn how agitators overcome poor thermal conductivity in plastic pyrolysis to prevent coke buildup and improve product uniformity.
What Is The Necessity Of A Stirred Jacketed Reactor With A Pid Controller? Essential Scale-Up For Seaweed Fractionation
Discover why stirred jacketed reactors and PID controllers are critical for seaweed scale-up, overcoming mass transfer and ensuring thermal precision.
What Are The Material Requirements For Methanol Carbonylation Vessels? Ensuring Alkali-Resistant Integrity
Learn why alkali-resistant alloys and protective coatings are essential for methanol carbonylation vessels using sodium methoxide catalysts.
Why Is Corrosion Resistance A Critical Requirement For Chemical Reactors? Protect Your Acid Pretreatment Process
Learn why corrosion resistance is vital for chemical reactors in biomass pretreatment to ensure safety and prevent material failure.
What Critical Conditions Does A Laboratory High-Pressure Reactor Provide For Co2 Pretreatment? Secure Carbon Steel Protection
Learn how high-pressure reactors enable the formation of protective siderite layers on carbon steel through controlled CO2 pretreatment.
What Is The Function Of A High-Precision Constant Temperature Reaction Vessel? Optimize Gptms-Based Sol-Gel Quality
Learn how high-precision reaction vessels regulate GPTMS hydrolysis and condensation to ensure chemical homogeneity and prevent uneven gelation.
Why Is The Use Of Zirconium Or High-Nickel Alloys Necessary For Methanol Carbonylation Reactors? Ensure Process Safety
Learn why zirconium and high-nickel alloys are essential for methanol carbonylation reactors to resist iodide corrosion and ensure product purity.
What Physical Conditions Does A High-Pressure Stainless Steel Reactor Provide For Aramid Fiber Modification?
Learn how high-pressure reactors enable scCO2 technology to modify aramid fibers, enhancing surface roughness and mechanical properties.
What Is The Function Of A High-Pressure Reactor In Hteo For Pfoa Degradation? Achieve Rapid Carbon Bond Cleavage
Learn how high-pressure reactors enable PFOA degradation by creating subcritical water environments that enhance conductivity and bond instability.
What Role Does A High-Pressure Reactor Play In Tio2 Nanotube Synthesis? Master The Hydrothermal Transformation.
Discover how high-pressure reactors enable the hydrothermal transformation of TiO2 powder into high-aspect-ratio nanotubes through phase control.
Why Is A High-Precision Constant Temperature Control System Essential For Formic Acid Catalytic Decomposition Reactors?
Learn how high-precision temperature control optimizes hydrogen yield and prevents CO poisoning in formic acid catalytic decomposition reactors.
What Role Does A High-Temperature Reactor Perform In Pyrohydrolysis? Transform Waste Into Pure Acid & Oxides
Learn how high-temperature reactors like FBRs drive thermal decomposition at 850°C to recover inorganic acids and metal oxides from liquid waste.
How Does A Continuous Stirring System Within A High-Pressure Reactor Influence Biomass Hydrothermal Reaction Results?
Learn how continuous stirring in high-pressure reactors ensures uniform biomass carbonization and prevents localized overheating for superior data.
Why Are High-Pressure Laboratory Reactors Essential For Biomass Treatment? Optimize Hydrothermal Carbonization
Learn how high-pressure reactors enable subcritical water states for efficient biomass hydrolysis, deacetylation, and chemical transformation.
Why Is It Necessary To Bubble High-Purity Nitrogen Into A High-Pressure Reactor? Ensure Corrosion Test Accuracy
Learn why nitrogen bubbling is critical for deoxygenation in high-pressure reactors to ensure valid, oxygen-free corrosion experiments.
Why Is A High-Pressure Reactor Used For Htc Of Biomass? Unlock Advanced Waste-To-Energy Efficiency
Learn why high-pressure reactors are essential for HTC, enabling subcritical water to convert wet biomass into high-density hydrochar efficiently.
What Is The Function Of A High-Pressure Reactor In Cof Synthesis? Achieve Superior Crystallinity In Lab Research
Learn how sealed high-pressure reactors facilitate solvothermal COF synthesis through autogenous pressure and precise thermal control.
Why Must A High-Pressure Laboratory Reactor Be Used At 180°C? Essential Gear For Wood Chip Fractionation
Understand why high-pressure reactors are mandatory for wood chip fractionation at 180°C to maintain liquid phase and ensure solvent penetration.
What Function Does A High-Pressure Laboratory Autoclave Serve In Walnut Shell Pretreatment? Enhance Biomass Reactivity.
Learn how high-pressure autoclaves accelerate walnut shell pretreatment by disrupting lignin and cellulose to enhance biomass reactivity.
Why Use A Ptfe-Lined Stainless Steel Autoclave For Ceo2 Nanosheets? Essential Equipment For Purity & Control
Discover why the synergy of a stainless steel shell and PTFE liner is critical for the hydrothermal synthesis of high-purity CeO2 nanosheets.
How Do Batch High-Pressure Autoclaves Facilitate The Catalytic Hydrogenation Of Glucose? Boost Sorbitol Yield To 99%+
Learn how batch high-pressure autoclaves optimize glucose-to-sorbitol hydrogenation through superior phase contact and 99% selectivity.
What Role Does A High-Pressure Reactor Play In The Hydrothermal Processing Of Biomass? Optimize Your Bio-Refinery
Learn how high-pressure reactors transform water into a powerful catalyst for biomass hydrolysis, carbonization, and material functionalization.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Stainless Steel High-Pressure Reactor With A Ptfe Liner For Hydrothermal Synthesis?
Discover why PTFE-lined stainless steel reactors are essential for high-purity hydrothermal synthesis, ensuring zero contamination and durability.
What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using Stainless Steel Tubular Reactors For The Continuous Flow Acetalization?
Unlock efficiency in glycerol acetalization with stainless steel tubular reactors. High-pressure tolerance and superior mass transfer for solketal.
What Is The Function Of High-Pressure Autoclaves In Lh Synthesis Of Zeolite Membranes? Key Roles & Benefits
Learn how high-pressure autoclaves enable zeolite membrane synthesis through autogenous pressure, nucleation control, and kinetic activation.
What Are The Advantages Of Using An Mea Zero-Gap Electrolyzer In Co2 Electrolysis? Achieve High Industrial Efficiency
Learn how MEA zero-gap electrolyzers boost CO2 electrolysis efficiency by reducing resistance, preventing product loss, and enabling high current.
What Is The Function Of A Stainless Steel High-Pressure Reactor In Miscanthus Wet Torrefaction? Optimize Biomass Conversion
Learn how high-pressure reactors enable subcritical water conditions for the chemical decomposition and hydrothermal carbonization of Miscanthus.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Sealed Glass Reactor For The Synthesis Of Chlorine Dioxide? Safety And Purity Guide
Learn why sealed glass reactors are the gold standard for chlorine dioxide synthesis, offering chemical resistance and gas containment.
What Experimental Conditions Are Provided By A Batch Reactor? Optimize Ag-Tio2 Heterostructure Synthesis
Learn how precise heating (up to 285°C), magnetic stirring, and inert nitrogen atmospheres in batch reactors ensure uniform Ag-TiO2 nanoparticle growth.
What Is The Function Of A High-Pressure Stainless Steel Reactor In Hds Experiments? Unlock Precise Corrosion Data
Learn how high-pressure reactors replicate refinery conditions (300°C/90 bar) for accurate HDS corrosion testing and material safety.
What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Pressure Reactor In Bamboo Hemicellulose Extraction? Optimize Xos Yield Today
Learn how high-pressure reactors facilitate hydrothermal pretreatment of bamboo to maximize xylooligosaccharides (XOS) yield through precise control.
Why Is The Use Of A Corrosion-Resistant Reactor Essential For The Acid Pretreatment Of Lignocellulosic Materials?
Learn why corrosion-resistant reactors are vital for acid pretreatment to prevent equipment failure, ensure safety, and stop metal ion leaching.
Why Use A High-Temperature Reactor For Hot Injection In Sb2S3 Heterojunction Synthesis? Achieve Precise Nano-Ordering
Learn how high-temperature reactors enable controlled nucleation and hexagonal symmetry in Sb2S3 nanorod and antimony nanosheet synthesis.
How Does A High-Pressure Hydrothermal Reactor Facilitate The Synthesis Of Mesoporous Molybdate-Substituted Hydroxyapatite?
Learn how high-pressure hydrothermal reactors enable precise ion substitution and mesoporous structure control for high-performance catalysts.
What Is The Key Function Of A Packed Bed Reactor (Pbr)? Scaling Biobutanol Via High-Density Biofilm Production
Learn how Packed Bed Reactors (PBR) use cell immobilization to maximize biomass density and accelerate continuous biobutanol production rates.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Platinum Microelectrode? Enhance Sensitivity In Asymmetric Ees Systems
Discover how Platinum microelectrodes improve EES sensitivity by stabilizing baselines and capturing subtle localized corrosion events.
What Is The Advantage Of Using High-Pressure Hydrothermal Reactors To Treat Biomass Waste? Efficient Resource Recovery
Discover how high-pressure hydrothermal reactors transform wet biomass into high-performance hydrochar and bio-oil without energy-intensive drying.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Pressure Steam Sterilizer In Dark Fermentation? Boost Hydrogen Yield
Learn how autoclaves enable dark fermentation by inactivating hydrogen-consuming microbes and enhancing food waste solubility for maximum yield.
What Environmental Conditions Does A High-Pressure Reactor Provide For The Steam Treatment Of Strengthened Glass?
Learn how high-pressure reactors (150°C, 5 bar) enhance strengthened glass by inducing structural relaxation and increasing wear resistance.
How Do High-Pressure Autoclaves And Nanocatalysts Function In Hydrometallurgy? Powering Green Chemical Engineering
Learn how high-pressure autoclaves and noble metal nanocatalysts synergize to oxidize pollutants and valorize biomass in environmental applications.
What Role Does A Teflon-Lined Stainless Steel High-Pressure Reactor Play In The Synthesis Of Tio2/Nif Composites?
Learn how Teflon-lined reactors enable hydrothermal synthesis of TiO2/NiF composites by ensuring chemical purity and uniform crystal growth.
Why Are Gas Diffusion Electrodes (Gde) Critical As Cathodes? Mastering Precision In Electrochemical Monitoring
Learn how GDEs control reaction environments, suppress H2O2 interference using nitrogen, and enhance electrochemical sensing and degradation.
What Are The Advantages Of Nickel Mesh/Foam For Her Electrodes? Boost Catalyst Loading And Gas Management
Explore why industrial-grade nickel mesh and foam are superior substrates for HER electrodes, featuring 3D structures and high conductivity.
What Are The Functions Of An Autoclave And Alumina Liner In Lbe Experiments? Protect Your Research & Data Integrity.
Learn how stainless steel autoclaves and high-purity alumina liners work together to ensure safety and data accuracy in LBE corrosion experiments.
How Are Fixed-Bed Reactors Used To Evaluate Perovskite Oxygen Carriers? Master Material Kinetics And Durability.
Discover how fixed-bed reactors evaluate perovskite oxygen carriers by simulating chemical looping cycles to test kinetics and structural stability.
Why Is A Thermostatic Stirred Reactor Essential For Uranium Leaching? Enhance Your Mineral Extraction Efficiency
Learn how thermostatic stirred reactors optimize uranium leaching through precise temperature control and agitation to maximize extraction yields.
Why Use A Stirred High-Pressure Autoclave For Plastic Pyrolysis? Maximize Yields With Advanced Mass Transfer
Learn why stirred high-pressure autoclaves are essential for converting waste plastic to fuel, overcoming viscosity and ensuring 93% conversion.
Why Is A Reaction Vessel Equipped With A Nitrogen Purging System Required For The Synthesis? Ensure Synthesis Success.
Learn why nitrogen purging is critical for synthesizing phosphorylated cardanol to prevent hydrolysis and ensure high purity and yield.
What Role Do High-Pressure Reactors Play In The Preparation Of Catalytic Thin Films Using The Solvo-Hydrothermal Method?
Learn how high-pressure reactors control crystalline phases and morphology in solvo-hydrothermal synthesis for superior catalytic thin films.