Faqs - High-Energy Omnidirectional Planetary Ball Mill Milling Machine For Laboratory

What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Preparation Of Nicr-Al2O3-Srco3 Composite Powders? Enhanced Homogeneity
Discover how planetary ball mills ensure microscopic dispersion and high-energy mixing for NiCr-Al2O3-SrCO3 composite powder preparation.
What Is The Core Role Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In Mcp? Unlock Nanoscale Carbide Synthesis Efficiency
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills drive mechanochemical synthesis of transition metal carbide nanopowders through mechanical activation.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Evaluating The Processing Performance Of Miscanthus Hydrochar?
Discover how planetary ball mills evaluate grindability and energy efficiency in Miscanthus hydrochar for optimized industrial biomass combustion.
What Is The Role Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In Al-4Cu Preparation? Achieve 30Nm Grain Refinement
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills drive mechanical alloying to create nanostructured Al-4Cu powders with 30nm grain size and solid solutions.
What Is The Difference Between A Planetary Mill And A Ball Mill? Discover The Key To High-Energy Grinding
Learn the key differences between planetary and ball mills: from basic tumbling action to high-energy grinding for nano-sized particles.
How Does A Planetary Mill Work? Harnessing High-Energy Impact For Nano-Grinding
Discover how a planetary ball mill's dual-rotation system generates immense forces for rapid, efficient grinding down to sub-micron particle sizes.
What Are The Advantages Of Planetary Ball Milling? Achieve High-Energy Grinding And Material Synthesis
Discover the key benefits of planetary ball milling, including rapid particle size reduction, mechanical alloying, and synthesis of novel materials.
What Is A Planetary Mill? Achieve Rapid, Fine Grinding For Lab Materials
Discover how planetary ball mills use high-energy impacts to pulverize materials into sub-micron powders, ideal for R&D and quality control.
What Is The Process Of Planetary Mill? Unlock High-Energy Grinding For Fine Powders
Learn how planetary mills use counter-rotating jars to generate intense impact and friction, achieving sub-micron particle sizes for material processing.
What Are The Effects Of Ball Milling? A Deep Dive Into Mechanical Alloying And Material Transformation
Explore the effects of ball milling beyond grinding: particle size reduction, mechanical alloying, amorphization, and enhanced chemical reactivity.
What Is A Planetary Ball Mill? Achieve Rapid, High-Energy Grinding For Advanced Materials
Learn how planetary ball mills use opposing rotations to generate high-energy impacts for fine grinding, mechanical alloying, and material synthesis.
What Is A Planetary Ball Mill? Achieve Superior Fine Grinding And Mixing
Discover how a planetary ball mill uses high-energy impact & friction for fine grinding, mixing, and mechanical alloying of hard, brittle materials.
What Is The Difference Between A Ball Mill And A Planetary Mill? Choose The Right Grinding Tool For Your Lab
Learn the key differences between ball mills and planetary mills: mechanism, particle size, speed, and applications for your lab needs.
What Is The Difference Between A Ball Mill And A Planetary Ball Mill? Unlock The Right Grinding Technology For Your Lab
Discover the key differences between ball mills and planetary ball mills, from grinding mechanisms to applications, to choose the right equipment for your needs.
What Are The Disadvantages Of Planetary Ball Mill? Key Drawbacks In Energy, Noise, And Wear
Explore the main disadvantages of planetary ball mills: high energy consumption, operational noise, and rapid wear on grinding media and jars.
What Is The Working Principle Of Planetary Ball Mill? Unlock High-Energy Grinding For Nanoscale Results
Discover how planetary ball mills use counter-rotating jars and centrifugal forces to achieve ultrafine grinding, ideal for lab research and material science.
What Is A Planetary Milling Machine Used For? Achieve Nano-Scale Grinding For Hard & Soft Materials
Discover the uses of planetary ball mills for high-energy grinding of hard, soft, brittle, and moist materials into fine powders and nanoparticles.
What Is The Principle Of Planetary Ball Mill? Achieve Rapid, High-Energy Grinding For Your Materials
Discover how planetary ball mills use counter-rotating forces to generate high-impact grinding for rapid pulverization of materials down to sub-micron sizes.
What Are The Parameters Of A Planetary Ball Mill? Master Speed, Time, And Media For Perfect Grinding
Learn the key parameters of a planetary ball mill: rotation speed, milling time, grinding jar & ball selection. Optimize for your material and particle size goals.
What Size Are Planetary Mill Particles? Achieve Nanoscale Precision For Your Materials
Planetary ball mills produce nanoparticles (1-100 nm), unlocking unique properties for advanced materials, enhanced reactivity, and solubility.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Preparing Cocrcufeni Hea Powder? Master Mechanical Alloying Efficiency
Learn how planetary ball mills facilitate mechanical alloying and micro-scale homogeneity for CoCrCuFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) powder preparation.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary High-Energy Ball Mill In Wc-10Co Prep? Achieve Sub-Micron Material Refinement
Learn how planetary ball mills refine WC-10Co powder to 0.1μm, ensuring uniform cobalt coating and enhanced sintering for ultra-fine carbides.
Why Is A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill Preferred Over Traditional Casting For Nanocrystalline Heas?
Learn why high-energy planetary ball milling surpasses casting for HEAs by enabling solid-state alloying and achieving 100nm nanocrystalline grains.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill For Nicrcotiv Hea? Optimize Your High-Entropy Alloy Powders
Learn how planetary ball mills achieve particle refinement and uniform dispersion in NiCrCoTiV alloys through high-energy mechanical activation.
What Is The Role Of Planetary Ball Mills In Hematite Pretreatment? Boost Reaction Kinetics Via Mechanical Activation
Learn how planetary ball mills enhance hematite ore reactivity through mechanical activation, micron-scale reduction, and increased surface area.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Latp Synthesis? Unlock High-Performance Solid Electrolyte Mixing
Learn how planetary ball mills use high-energy wet milling to ensure homogeneity and particle refinement for pure-phase LATP solid electrolytes.
What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill? Mastering Mechanical Alloying For Hea Powders
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills drive mechanical alloying and atomic-level mixing for FeCoCrNiMnTiC high-entropy alloy preparation.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Llzo Electrolyte Synthesis? Unlock High-Energy Mixing Precision
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical activation and deep homogenization for high-performance cubic garnet-type LLZO electrolyte synthesis.
What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill? Powering Sulfide Solid-State Electrolyte Synthesis
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills enable mechanochemical synthesis of Li7-xPS6-xClx argyrodite electrolytes through amorphous precursors.
What Is The Function Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In Fe-Cr-Al Ods Alloy Prep? Achieve Nanoscale Dispersion
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills enable mechanical alloying, oxide dispersion, and nanostructural refinement for high-performance ODS alloys.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Preparing Llzo? Achieve High-Purity Solid-State Electrolytes
Learn how planetary ball mills ensure high-energy homogenization and particle reduction for superior LLZO solid-state electrolyte synthesis.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary High-Energy Ball Mill? Master Mechanical Alloying For Nickel Nanoparticles
Learn how planetary high-energy ball mills utilize mechanochemical activation to refine nickel into high-reactivity nanoparticles for industrial use.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary High-Energy Ball Mill? Master Mechanical Alloying For Ni-Co-Al Superalloy Powders
Learn how planetary ball mills drive mechanical alloying, particle refinement, and solid-state reaction for high-performance Ni-Co-Al superalloys.
What Role Do Planetary Ball Mills Play In Cathode Slurry Preparation? Optimize Lifepo4 & Ncm622 Performance
Learn how planetary ball mills and high-efficiency mixers create conductive networks and refine particles for superior LiFePO4 and NCM622 cathodes.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill For C-Llzo Precursors? Master Solid Electrolyte Prep
Learn how planetary ball mills enable c-LLZO synthesis through high-energy homogenization, mechanical activation, and dopant distribution.
Why Use A High-Vacuum Planetary Ball Mill For Zr2Al-Gns Powders? Ensure Purity And Homogeneity
Learn why high-vacuum planetary ball mills are critical for Zr2Al-GNS ceramics to prevent oxidation and ensure uniform microscopic mixing.
Why Are High-Intensity Planetary Ball Mills Preferred For Reducing The Crystallinity Of Lignocellulose?
Learn how high-intensity planetary ball mills use centrifugal and shear forces to disrupt lignocellulose crystallinity and boost reactivity.
What Is The Function Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In The Synthesis Of Sodium-Based Oxysulfide Glass? Expert Guide
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills drive mechanochemical synthesis and amorphization of sodium-based oxysulfide solid-state electrolytes.
How Does A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill Achieve Room-Temperature Reactions? Master Mechanical Alloying Efficiency
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills use mechanical activation to synthesize titanium carbide at room temperature without external heat.
What Role Does A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill Play In Latp Preparation? Unlock Nano-Scale Efficiency For Batteries
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills refine LATP ceramic fillers to the nano-scale, enhancing surface area and lithium-ion conductivity.
What Is The Function Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In Zirconium-Doped Cao Synthesis? Optimize Material Stability
Learn how high-energy planetary ball milling enables nanoscale refinement and zirconium dispersion to create high-performance CaO adsorbents.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Al-Llz Lithium Garnet Preparation? Optimize Solid-State Electrolyte Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills enable high-purity Al-LLZ synthesis by reducing particle size and enhancing ion diffusion through mechanical activation.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Fecral-Based Powder Prep? Achieve High-Energy Mechanical Alloying
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical alloying, particle refinement, and lattice distortion to create high-reactivity FeCrAl precursors.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill For Llzto Targets? Achieving High-Energy Pulverization
Learn how planetary ball mills refine sintered LLZTO into 0.20 µm fillers to maximize surface area and ionic conductivity in composite electrolytes.
What Is The Specific Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Preparing Lps Sulfide Electrolytes? Unlock Superior Conductivity
Discover how planetary ball mills drive mechanochemical reactions to synthesize high-performance Li2S–P2S5 sulfide solid-state electrolytes.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Initial Synthesis Of Argyrodites? Unlock High-Energy Mixing
Learn how planetary ball mills act as mechanochemical reactors to create amorphous intermediates for high-conductivity argyrodite electrolytes.
What Role Does A Planetary Ball Mill Play In The Preparation Of Y2O3 Doped Ceo2? Enhance Your Ceramic Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills ensure microscopic uniformity and ion diffusion in Yttrium Oxide doped Cerium Oxide ceramic preparation.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Synthesis Of Li2S–P2S5 Sulfide Solid-State Electrolytes?
Learn how planetary ball mills act as mechanochemical reactors to drive amorphization for high-conductivity sulfide solid-state electrolytes.
Why Is A Planetary Ball Mill Preferred Over Manual Grinding For Lizr2(Po4)3? Achieve High-Conductivity Powder Synthesis
Learn why planetary ball milling is superior for LiZr2(PO4)3: discover its role in size reduction, phase stability, and material densification.
What Is The Specific Role Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In The Synthesis Of Ag-Doped Sulfide Solid-State Electrolytes?
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills drive mechanochemical synthesis and amorphization for high-conductivity Ag-doped sulfide electrolytes.
What Are The Advantages Of Planetary Ball Mills For Fe-Al Powders? Superior Nano-Alloying Vs. Traditional Melting
Discover how high-energy planetary ball milling overcomes thermodynamic risks and achieves nanocrystalline Fe-Al powders for advanced coatings.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Max Phase Powder Preparation? Unlock High-Purity Atomic Homogeneity
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical activation and atomic-level mixing for high-performance double-transition metal MAX phase powders.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Rppo Synthesis? Master Solid-State Reaction Kinetics
Learn how planetary ball mills enable Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite synthesis by overcoming diffusion barriers through high-energy mechanical force.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill For Fe-Cu Composites? Optimize Particle Distribution & Conductivity
Learn how planetary ball mills achieve uniform Fe-Cu powder mixtures, break agglomerates, and enable conductive networks via precise pretreatment.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill For Ods Steel? Master High-Energy Mechanical Alloying
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical alloying and uniform oxide dispersion in ODS ferritic steel powders for superior material strength.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Tic/Ti Production? Achieving Homogeneity For In-Situ Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills enable TiC/Ti composite production through high-energy homogenization, de-agglomeration, and wet milling techniques.
What Role Does A Planetary Ball Mill Play In Shs? Optimize Powder Activation For Superior Alloy Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills enable Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) through mechanical activation and particle refinement.
What Role Does A Planetary Ball Mill Play In The Preparation Of Nasicon-Type Solid Electrolytes Like Latp And Lagp?
Learn how planetary ball mills optimize NASICON-type solid electrolytes (LATP/LAGP) through nano-scale refinement and mechanical activation.
What Is The Role Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In Mechanical Alloying? Master High-Entropy Alloy Synthesis
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills drive atomic-level mixing and grain refinement for Al0.5CrFeNiTi high-entropy alloy powder production.
What Are The Unique Energy Transfer Characteristics Of Pbm? Master Complex Heterocyclic Synthesis
Learn how Planetary Ball Mills (PBM) use dual-motion dynamics to drive mechanochemical reactions at lower temperatures.
How Does A Planetary Ball Mill Facilitate The Preparation Of Pyr-Ihf And Li6Ps5Cl? Achieve Optimal Interface Contact
Learn how planetary ball milling integrates Pyr-IHF and LPSCl for solid-state batteries by creating ionic and electronic conductive networks.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Preparing Ni–35Mo–15Cr? Enhance Alloy Quality And Refinement
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical alloying and physical refinement of Ni–35Mo–15Cr powders for superior sintering results.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Preparation Of 14%Cr Ods Ferritic Steel? Mechanical Alloying Mastery
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical alloying and oxide dispersion to create high-performance 14%Cr ODS ferritic steel for lab research.
What Is The Effect Of Ball Milling Time On Particle Size? Achieve Precise Particle Size Control
Learn how ball milling time affects particle size reduction in distinct phases, from rapid fracture to equilibrium, and optimize your process.
What Size Particle Is A Planetary Ball Mill? Achieve Nano-Scale Grinding For Your Materials
Planetary ball mills can grind materials to sub-micron and nanometer sizes (<100 nm) through high-energy impacts and friction. Learn how to optimize the process.
What Is The Function Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In The Synthesis Of Iodo-Vanadate-Lead Ceramic Waste Forms?
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills use mechanochemical reactions to stabilize radioactive iodine by enabling low-temperature synthesis.
What Role Does A Planetary Ball Mill Play In The Preparation Of Nano-Scale Ceramic Fillers? Optimize Solid Electrolytes
Learn how planetary ball mills refine LATP and LLZO to nano-scale to suppress polymer crystallization and boost ionic conductivity in electrolytes.
How Does A Planetary Ball Mill Enhance The Electrocatalytic Activity Of La0.6Sr0.4Coo3-Δ? Boost Your Catalyst Performance
Learn how planetary ball milling optimizes La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ via nanoscale reduction and mechanical activation for superior ORR and OER kinetics.
How Does A Planetary High-Energy Ball Mill Contribute To The Top-Down Preparation Of Layered Materials? Optimize Yield
Learn how planetary ball milling uses mechanical activation to weaken van der Waals forces, enabling efficient exfoliation of layered materials.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Ods Steel Preparation? Unlock High-Energy Mechanical Alloying
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical alloying for ODS steels, ensuring nano-oxide dispersion and superior high-temperature strength.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Sulfide-Based Solid-State Batteries? Engineer High-Performance Cathodes
Learn how planetary ball mills create critical triple-phase interfaces in sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries through mechanical engineering.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill? Mastering Mechanical Alloying For Ticn-Reinforced Composites
Learn how planetary ball mills use mechanical alloying to refine titanium, graphite, and iron powders for high-performance TiCN-matrix composites.
How Do You Clean Ball Milling? Ensure Sample Purity And Prevent Cross-Contamination
Learn the step-by-step protocol for cleaning ball mills, from solvent washing to sacrificial grinding, to guarantee contamination-free results.
How Does Particle Size Affect Ball Milling? Master The Science For Efficient Size Reduction
Learn how particle size dictates ball milling strategy, from media selection to grinding mechanisms, for efficient and predictable results.
What Are The Limitations Of Ball Milling Method? Understand The Trade-Offs Of Mechanical Grinding
Explore the key limitations of ball milling, including particle size inconsistency, structural damage, and contamination risks for your materials.
What Is The Efficiency Of Ball Milling? Unlocking Its Power Despite Energy Inefficiency
Ball milling is energy-inefficient but valued for simplicity, low cost, and effectiveness in particle size reduction and mechanochemistry.
What Are The Factors Affecting Ball Milling? Optimize Your Process For Maximum Efficiency
Learn how mill speed, grinding media, and material properties affect ball milling efficiency and particle size. Optimize your process today.
What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Ball Milling Method? A Guide To The Trade-Offs
Explore the pros and cons of ball milling, including its cost-effectiveness, versatility, and the trade-offs in particle size control and purity.
How Long Does It Take To Run A Ball Mill? Find Your Optimal Milling Time For Target Particle Size
Ball mill duration varies from 15 min to 100+ hours. Learn how material, speed, media, and particle size goals determine the optimal milling time.
What Are The Disadvantages Of Ball Milling? Key Limitations In Particle Size Reduction
Explore the main drawbacks of ball milling, including contamination risks, inconsistent particle sizes, high energy use, and potential material damage.
What Is The Basic Of Ball Milling? A Guide To Simple, Effective Material Grinding
Learn the core principles of ball milling, a mechanical process for grinding materials into fine powders and inducing structural changes.
What Are The Advantages Of Ball Milling In Nanotechnology? A Guide To Efficient, Scalable Nanomaterial Production
Discover the key advantages of ball milling for nanotech: cost-effective scalability, material versatility, and unique nanostructure synthesis for metals, ceramics & composites.
What Is The Key Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill For Izo Targets? Achieve Atomic-Level Uniformity In Material Preparation
Discover how planetary ball mills ensure atomic-level mixing and break agglomerates for high-quality Indium Zinc Oxide (IZO) target production.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill For Latp Precursors? Optimize Your Solid-State Electrolyte Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills provide high-energy mechanical activation and particle refinement for LATP solid-state electrolyte precursors.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill For W-50%Cu Composites? Achieve Microscopic Homogeneity And Structural Integrity
Learn how planetary ball mills overcome density differences and eliminate agglomeration to create uniform W-50%Cu composites for sintering.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill With Stabilized Zirconia Beads? Optimize Rare-Earth Perovskite Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills and zirconia beads enable micron-level refinement and mechanical activation for high-purity perovskite synthesis.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Preparation Of Radioactive Waste Residues For Vitrification?
Learn how planetary ball mills refine radioactive waste to <10μm to ensure chemical stability and homogeneity during the vitrification process.
What Is The Role Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In Cocrfeni Preparation? Mastering Mechanical Alloying
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills drive solid-state reactions to create single-phase FCC CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy powders.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In (Ti,M)3Alc2 Preparation? Unlock Superior Max Phase Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical activation, particle refinement, and atomic-level mixing for (Ti,M)3AlC2 MAX phase precursors.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Preparation Of Na2Ni2Teo6? Optimize Your Precursor Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills enhance Na2Ni2TeO6 and Na2Zn2TeO6 synthesis through high-energy wet grinding, refining particles to the micron level.
Why Is The Planetary Ball Mill The Core Equipment For Uhtcs? Master High-Energy Material Refinement
Learn how planetary ball mills enable UHTC research through high-energy particle refinement, mechanical activation, and uniform dispersion.
How Does A Planetary Ball Mill Enhance Cellulose-Graphene Compatibility? Unlock High-Performance Composite Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball milling uses high-energy mechanochemistry to improve interfacial bonding between cellulose and graphene in composites.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Preparation Of Xal2O3–(1−X)Si3N4? Master Mechanical Activation
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical activation and lattice distortion for superior xAl2O3–(1−x)Si3N4 composite ceramic powder preparation.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Synthesis Of Na3Sbs4-Xsex? Achieve Peak Ionic Conductivity
Learn how planetary ball mills drive critical phase transitions and mechanochemical activation in Na3SbS4-xSex solid electrolyte synthesis.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Nb-15W Alloy Pretreatment? Master High-Energy Mechanical Alloying
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical alloying, grain refinement, and increased reactivity for Nb-15W and Nb-15W-10Cr alloy powders.
What Is The Critical Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Wc-Co Preparation? Master High-Energy Mechanical Alloying
Learn how planetary ball mills refine WC-Co powders through high-energy impact, plastic deformation, and sub-micron particle refinement.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill For H-Bn/Mas Composites? Master High-Energy Mixing For Ceramics
Learn how planetary ball mills ensure microscopic uniformity in h-BN/MAS composite slurries to enhance mechanical integrity during sintering.
What Role Does A High-Energy Ball Mill Play In The Preparation Of Cnt/Al Composites? Achieving Superior Matrix Dispersion
Learn how high-energy ball milling overcomes CNT agglomeration and induces plastic deformation to create high-performance Al-matrix composites.
What Is The Ball Mill Based On The Principle Of? Impact And Attrition For Efficient Grinding
A ball mill operates on the principles of impact and attrition to grind materials into fine powder. Learn how rotational speed and media size affect the process.
Why Is The Control Of Milling Time In A Planetary Ball Mill Essential? Mastering Ultra-Fine Wc-10Co Quality Control
Learn why precise milling time is critical for ultra-fine WC-10Co to balance particle refinement, prevent oxidation, and avoid lattice distortion.