Discover alternatives to autoclaving, including dry heat, chemical gas, radiation, and filtration, for sterilizing heat-sensitive or moisture-sensitive materials.
Learn how high-pressure reactors provide the precise thermal and barometric control needed to balance kinetics and thermodynamics in ethanol production.
Learn how precise heating (up to 285°C), magnetic stirring, and inert nitrogen atmospheres in batch reactors ensure uniform Ag-TiO2 nanoparticle growth.
Learn when and why chemical sterilization is the necessary alternative to autoclaving for heat-sensitive materials like plastics, electronics, and medical instruments.