Faqs - Automatic Lab Cold Isostatic Press Cip Machine Cold Isostatic Pressing

What Are The Primary Roles Of A Proton Exchange Membrane (Pem) In A Dual-Chamber Mfc? Enhance Your Fuel Cell Efficiency
Learn how the PEM acts as a physical barrier and ionic conduit in dual-chamber MFCs to prevent chemical shorts and maintain electrical neutrality.
What Are The Principles And Significance Of Cu-Upd For Ecsa? Precise Platinum Surface Area Measurement Guide
Learn how Copper Underpotential Deposition (Cu-UPD) accurately measures ECSA to evaluate catalytic efficiency in platinum electrodes.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Zirconia Grinding Balls For The Wet Milling Of Sulfide Electrolytes? Key Lab Benefits
Discover why zirconia grinding balls are essential for sulfide electrolytes: high purity, wear resistance, and zero metallic contamination.
Why Is A Magnetic Stirrer Utilized During The Sol-Gel Process For Mwcnts/Tio2? Ensure Superior Nanocomposite Uniformity
Learn why magnetic stirring is critical for MWCNTs/TiO2 composites, ensuring uniform shear forces, precursor contact, and colloidal stability.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill? Mastering Sic/Al Composite Mixing For Homogeneity
Learn how planetary ball mills ensure uniform SiC dispersion in aluminum composites, breaking agglomerates for isotropic mechanical properties.
Why Are Proton Exchange Membrane (Pem) Electrolyzers Considered A Promising Component For Solar Hydrogen Production?
Discover why PEM electrolyzers are ideal for solar hydrogen: high current density, rapid responsiveness to fluctuations, and superior gas purity.
Why Is High-Power Ultrasound Utilized For Mofs In Mmms? Unlock Superior Gas Separation & Uniform Dispersion
Learn how high-power ultrasound de-agglomerates MOF nanoparticles to eliminate interfacial voids and enhance Mixed Matrix Membrane performance.
What Is The Purpose Of Using An Infrared Drying Oven? Optimize Copper-Plated Graphite Composite Powder Quality
Learn why infrared drying ovens are essential for electroless copper-plated graphite/copper powders to prevent oxidation and ensure loose flow.
How Does A Continuous, Single Layer Of Graphene Form From Carbon Species? Master The 4 Stages Of Graphene Growth
Understand the process of graphene formation: from surface diffusion and nucleation to edge-driven growth for a perfect, continuous single layer.
What Are The Typical Air-To-Gas Ratios For Endothermic Generators? Optimize Natural Gas And Propane Settings
Learn the practical air-to-gas ratios for natural gas (2.8-3.1) and propane (7.5-8.1) to ensure stable endothermic generator performance.
What Is The Procedure For Performing A Load Validation For An Autoclave? Ensure Compliance And Sterility Success
Learn the 4-step protocol for autoclave load validation, from defining worst-case scenarios to executing successful consecutive sterilization cycles.
What Is Laser Induced Chemical Vapour Deposition (Lcvd)? Precision Thin Film And Particle Engineering
Learn how Laser Induced Chemical Vapour Deposition (LCVD) uses photon energy for precise, localized thin film growth and ultra-micro particle creation.
What Are The Benefits And Applications Of Atomic Layer Chemical Vapour Deposition (Alcvd)? Unlock Atomic Precision
Learn how ALCVD (ALD) delivers atomic-level thickness control, superior conformality, and high-purity films for semiconductor and nano-applications.
Why Are Precise Pressure Maintenance And Durability Testing Equipment Necessary For Garden Waste Pellets? Ensure Quality
Learn why pressure maintenance and durability testing are vital for garden waste pellet integrity, supply chain resilience, and system efficiency.
Why Is A Vacuum Oven Necessary For Csd Tungsten Coatings? Ensure Precise Evaporation And Coating Integrity
Learn why vacuum ovens are essential for CSD tungsten coatings to prevent violent boiling and ensure crack-free, uniform surface adhesion.
How Does An Industrial-Grade Dc Regulated Power Supply Function In Indium Deposition? Achieve Industrial Precision
Learn how DC regulated power supplies stabilize cathode current density and simulate industrial environments for precise indium deposition experiments.
What Is The Primary Purpose Of A Coin Cell Sealer? Secure Reliable Battery Cycle Performance Testing
Learn how coin cell sealers ensure hermetic integrity and internal connectivity to guarantee accurate battery cycle data.
Why Is A High-Concentration Potassium Hydroxide (Koh) Solution Used As An Electrolyte In Alkaline Electrolyzers (Ae)?
Learn why KOH is the preferred electrolyte for alkaline electrolyzers, optimizing ionic mobility, conductivity, and hardware durability.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Porous Diaphragm In Awe? Key Roles In Gas Separation & Ion Flow
Learn how the porous diaphragm in Alkaline Water Electrolysis ensures safety by separating gases while allowing essential hydroxide ion transport.
What Is The Function Of A Pid Temperature Control System? Ensure Stability In Nuclear Simulations
Learn how PID temperature control systems regulate heating voltage and minimize deviations to ensure stability in nuclear water simulations.
Why Are High-Precision Temperature-Controlled Heating Stages Necessary For Ni-Cr Alloys? Ensure Accurate Ris Results
Learn why precise temperature control is critical for studying radiation-induced segregation (RIS) and ensuring data matches theoretical models.
Why Is An Ir Thermometer Required To Monitor Fast Sintering Of Al-Doped Llzo? Ensure Precision In High-Tech Ceramics
Learn why infrared thermometers are essential for non-contact temperature monitoring during fast sintering of Al-doped LLZO in vacuum environments.
Why Is Precise Temperature Control Critical For Ferritization Products? Ensure Material Stability And Performance.
Learn why precise oven temperature control is vital for drying ferritization precipitates to preserve magnetic and adsorption properties.
How Does The Combination Of Thermocouples And Temperature Control Systems Affect The Study Of Reduction Kinetics?
Learn how integrating thermocouples with control systems ensures the precise thermal stability required for accurate reduction kinetics and models.
What Is The Role Of An Anion Exchange Membrane (Aem)? Boost Safety And Efficiency In Photoelectrochemical Systems
Learn how AEMs act as critical gatekeepers, preventing hazardous gas mixing while ensuring high coulombic efficiency through selective ion transport.
Why Use Zirconia Rods For Sample Mounting In High-Pressure Autoclaves? Ensure Data Purity And Chemical Stability.
Discover why Zirconia rods are essential for autoclave experiments, offering thermal stability and preventing electrochemical interference.
What Role Does A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill Play In The Preparation Of Ni-Smdc Catalyst Powders? Essential Refinement
Learn how high-energy planetary ball milling optimizes Ni-SmDC catalysts by maximizing surface area, reactivity, and coating slurry uniformity.
What Is The Function Of A Constant Temperature Water Bath? Optimize Mgal2O4 Precursor Homogeneity In Sol-Gel Methods
Learn why a constant temperature water bath is critical for MgAl2O4 sol-gel reactions, ensuring thermal stability and uniform gel formation.
Why Are High-Density Graphite Or Metal Baskets Necessary For Actinide Oxide Reduction? Key Roles In Direct Electrolysis
Learn why graphite and metal baskets are vital for the electrolytic reduction of actinide oxides, serving as both containers and current collectors.
What Is The Function Of A Constant Temperature Water Bath In Co2 Absorption Kinetics? Achieve High-Precision Research
Learn how constant temperature water baths ensure thermal stability and data accuracy in CO2 and TEA absorption kinetics research and modeling.
What Function Does A Continuous Flow Tubular Fixed-Bed Micro-Reactor Serve? Industrial Bio-Oil Upgrading Simulation
Learn how continuous flow fixed-bed micro-reactors simulate industrial esterification for bio-oil upgrading and catalyst stability testing.
What Role Does A Constant Temperature Heating System Play In H-Beta Zeolite Treatment? Optimize Aluminum Leaching
Learn how precise 333 K thermal control enables consistent de-alumination and structural tuning in organic acid treatment of H-beta zeolites.
How Is The Trapping Effect Utilized To Prevent Metal Aggregation? Optimize Single-Atom Catalyst Synthesis
Learn how high-temperature reactors use vapor-phase trapping and support defects like oxygen vacancies to anchor single atoms and prevent aggregation.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Synthesis Of Mg-Doped Nasicon Solid-State Electrolytes?
Learn how planetary ball mills enable high-energy homogenization and phase purity in Mg-doped NASICON solid-state electrolyte synthesis.
What Physical Conditions Does A Shaking Incubator Provide For Bioethanol Fermentation? Optimize Yeast Productivity
Learn how shaking incubators provide precise thermal regulation and mechanical agitation to maximize yeast enzyme activity and ethanol conversion.
Why Are Ptfe Liners Recommended For Acid-Base Catalytic Hydrolysis? Protect Your Lab Equipment And Ensure Purity
Learn why PTFE and ceramic liners are essential for polyamide hydrolysis to prevent corrosion and ensure high-purity monomer recovery.
What Advantages Does A Planetary Ball Mill Offer Over Standard Ball Milling? Boost Yag Powder Sintering Activity
Discover how planetary ball milling breaks hard YAG agglomerates, achieves 50nm refinement, and enhances transparency in high-density ceramics.
How Does A Constant Temperature Water Bath Assist In Precursor Reaction? Unlock Precision In Green Synthesis
Learn how constant temperature water baths ensure uniform nucleation and high-quality metal oxide nanoparticles through stable thermal control.
What Role Does A Vacuum Drying Oven Play In Spe And Cathode Preparation? Ensure Battery Purity & Performance
Discover how vacuum drying ovens eliminate solvents and moisture to prevent interface impedance and side reactions in SPE and cathode fabrication.
How Does A High-Precision Temperature Control Heating System Ensure Accurate Corrosion Kinetics? Expert Lab Solutions
Learn how ±1°C thermal stability eliminates noise in molten salt corrosion kinetics, ensuring valid data for activation energy and irradiation.
What Is The Role Of The Planetary Ball Mill In The Synthesis Of Latp? Master Solid Electrolyte Prep
Learn how planetary ball mills enable LATP synthesis through mechanical activation, homogenization, and particle size reduction for solid-state battery research.
How Do Electrode Systems And Electrolytic Cell Units Facilitate The Removal Of Heavy Metals In Electro-Kinetic Systems?
Learn how electrode systems and electrolytic cell units use electromigration to remove heavy metals from low-permeability, compact soils effectively.
Why Use A Vibratory Sieve Shaker For Pet Powder? Achieve Precise Particle Size Control For Chemical Research
Learn how vibratory sieve shakers ensure experimental accuracy by isolating PET powder particle sizes (106-300 microns) for kinetic research.
How Do Laboratory Ovens Or Environmental Test Chambers Facilitate The Post-Curing Process Of P@S Glue? Expert Solutions
Learn how precision thermal curing transforms liquid P@S glue into solid polymer electrolytes for high-performance solid-state battery assembly.
What Is The Core Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Tib2-Tin-Wc Composite Preparation? Achieve Superior Material Refinement
Discover how planetary ball mills enable high-energy mechanical alloying and particle refinement for high-performance TiB2-TiN-WC composite ceramics.
What Are The Advantages Of A Cstr Vs Batch Reactors For Salix/Manure? Boost Your Biogas Efficiency And Stability
Discover why CSTRs outperform batch reactors in biomass co-digestion through superior mixing, process control, and industrial scalability.
Why Is A Ptfe Liner Essential For Hydrothermal Reactors? Protect Your Purity And Equipment
Learn why PTFE liners are critical for synthesizing CdMn4(HPO4)2(PO4)2·4H2O, focusing on corrosion resistance and material purity.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Ods Steel Prep? Achieving Nanoscale Mechanical Alloying
Learn how planetary ball mills enable grain refinement (20-25 nm) and mechanical alloying for high-performance ODS 304L stainless steel powder.
Why Is A Graphite Crucible Containing Molten Bismuth Used In Lif–Naf–Kf Purification? Enhance Melt Purity Efficiently
Learn how a liquid bismuth cathode in a graphite crucible stabilizes potassium during LiF-NaF-KF melt purification to ensure deep oxygen removal.
What Is The Mechanism Of High-Pressure Hydrothermal Treatment In Ha Catalysts? Optimize Mesoporous Structure Today
Learn how high-pressure hydrothermal treatment uses subcritical water to engineer mesoporous HA catalysts via dissolution-recrystallization.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Constant Temperature Drying Oven In Zinc Borate Synthesis? Preserve Nano-Scale Purity
Learn how constant temperature drying ovens remove moisture from zinc borate without damaging structural water or causing grain growth.
Why Evaluate High-Nickel Cathode Thermal Safety With High-Sensitivity Gas Analysis? Ensure Battery Stability.
Learn why high-sensitivity pressure scanning is essential for monitoring gas evolution and oxidative activity in high-nickel cathode materials.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Preparing Doped High-Nickel Cathode Materials? Enhance Battery Stability
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical activation and microscopic homogenization to prepare high-performance battery cathode materials.
Why Must High-Purity Ceramic Crucibles Be Used For Epoxy Resin Thermal Analysis? Ensure Absolute Data Integrity
Discover why high-purity ceramic crucibles are essential for thermal analysis of epoxy resins to ensure chemical inertness and data accuracy.
What Is The Primary Function Of Metal Electrodes In Electrocoagulation? Optimize Your Microplastic Remediation Strategy
Learn how metal electrodes act as sacrificial anodes to release cations, neutralize microplastics, and facilitate efficient wastewater filtration.
Why Are Alumina Crucibles Recommended Over Quartz Crucibles For Liquid Aluminum? Ensure Experimental Accuracy
Discover why alumina crucibles are essential for Sieverts method experiments with liquid aluminum, focusing on chemical stability and data purity.
What Is The Primary Purpose Of Mini-Autoclaves In Supercritical Water Corrosion? Ensure Data Integrity With Kintek
Learn how using matched-material mini-autoclaves eliminates cross-contamination and galvanic coupling for accurate supercritical water corrosion data.
What Is The Primary Function Of Low-Energy Ball Milling In 316L-Y2O3 Ods Steel? Optimize Powder Flow For 3D Printing
Learn how low-energy ball milling coats 316L steel with Y2O3 to preserve flowability and spherical morphology for superior additive manufacturing.
Why Is A Laboratory-Grade Pressure Vessel Core In N-Cnt Synthesis? Drive High-Performance Nanomaterial Growth
Learn how laboratory-grade pressure vessels enable the synthesis of N-CNTs from biomass through pressure-induced atomic rearrangement.
What Role Does A Gas Mass Flow Control System Play In Dlc Deposition? Mastering Chemical Uniformity And Silver Doping
Learn how gas mass flow control regulates CH4, C6H14, and Ar to ensure chemical uniformity and functional properties in DLC and DLC-Ag films.
How Does A Planetary Ball Mill Activate Maricite-Nafepo4? Unlock Electrochemical Activity With Nano-Refinement
Learn how high-energy planetary ball milling transforms inert Maricite-type sodium ferrous phosphate into an active cathode material via amorphization.
Why Is A Ceramic Crucible Essential For Zrcu-Based Master Alloys? Ensuring Purity And Thermal Stability
Learn why ceramic crucibles are vital for ZrCu-based alloy melting, offering superior thermal shock resistance and chemical purity at 1400°C+.
What Is The Significance Of Integrating Pid Controllers For Precise Temperature Control In Biomass Reactors?
Learn how PID controllers ensure ±1 °C stability in biomass conversion, optimizing hydrochar quality and chemical reaction pathways.
What Are The Core Capabilities Of A Fast Pyrolysis Furnace In Producing Lignin-Derived Bio-Oil? Maximize Your Yield
Unlock 70% bio-oil yields with fast pyrolysis. Learn how heating rates over 100°C/s and precise temperature control optimize lignin conversion.
How Does A Vacuum Freeze Dryer Prevent The Oxidation Of Ball-Milled Aluminum-Based Mixed Powders? Preserve Pure Reactivity
Learn how vacuum freeze drying uses sublimation to bypass oxidation, preserving the chemical purity and structure of aluminum-based powders.
What Role Does A Planetary Ball Mill Play In The Preparation Of Al-Ti-Zr Master Alloy Precursors? Key Role Of Activation
Learn how planetary ball mills enable mechanical activation and homogenization for Al-Ti-Zr master alloy precursors through high-energy milling.
Why Is A Constant Temperature Water Bath System Essential? Ensure Accurate Electrochemical Data In Material Testing
Learn why constant temperature water baths are vital for electrochemical polarization tests to ensure data integrity and reproducible results.
How Does The Hardness Of Grinding Jar And Ball Materials Influence Mechanochemistry? Optimize Your Impact Energy
Learn how the hardness of Tungsten Carbide vs. PTFE impacts energy transfer, thermal management, and purity in mechanochemical processes.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Oven In Biomass Treatment? Ensure Accurate Dry-Basis Analysis
Learn why laboratory ovens are essential for biomass pretreatment, from removing surface moisture to ensuring accurate dry-basis calculations.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Si-Fg Preparation? Essential Mechanical Activation And Refinement
Learn how planetary ball mills refine silicon into micro-nano particles to ensure high reactivity and uniform dispersion in Si-FG composites.
What Role Does An Orbital Shaker Incubator Play In Uranium Bioleaching? Optimize Fungal Acid Secretion With Precision
Learn how orbital shaker incubators drive uranium bioleaching by optimizing oxygen transfer and organic acid production in Aspergillus nidulans.
Why Is A High-Purity Alumina Crucible Selected For Molten Chloride Salt Corrosion? Ensure Precise Kcl-Mgcl2 Research
Learn why high-purity alumina crucibles are essential for KCl-MgCl2 corrosion tests, offering chemical inertness and thermal stability up to 800°C.
How Does The Fine Grinding Of Acid-Activated Mordenite Affect Catalytic Efficiency? Optimize Particle Size For Results
Learn how fine grinding mordenite catalysts increases surface area and shortens diffusion paths to drastically enhance catalytic conversion rates.
What Are The Primary Advantages Of Using Hastelloy C-22 For Reactors? Ensure Corrosion Resistance In Hydrate Research
Discover why Hastelloy C-22 is the superior choice for natural gas hydrate reactors, offering unmatched resistance to high salinity and pressure.
Why Use Stainless Steel Jars For Crfecumnni Milling? Achieve High Energy And Purity In Mechanical Alloying
Learn why high-strength stainless steel is essential for milling CrFeCuMnNi alloys to ensure high-impact energy and minimal contamination.
What Is The Significance Of High-Precision Pid Temperature Control In Oligosaccharide Synthesis From Lignocellulose?
Learn how high-precision PID control ensures optimal hemicellulose depolymerization while preventing degradation during lignocellulose processing.
How Do Tube Reactors Compare To Traditional Autoclaves In Bauxite Leaching? Unlock 90% Faster Continuous Processing
Compare tube reactors vs. autoclaves for bauxite leaching. Learn how continuous flow reduces residence time by 90% while maintaining 94% alumina yield.
What Is The Importance Of Using Alumina-Coated Stainless Steel Stirring Rods? Ensure Pure Aluminum Alloy Homogenization
Learn why alumina-coated stirring rods are essential to prevent iron contamination and ensure experimental integrity in molten aluminum processing.
How Do Industrial-Grade Sieving Systems Facilitate The Adjustment Of Chromium Powder Combustion Performance?
Learn how precision sieving systems optimize chromium powder combustion by controlling particle size, porosity, and gas filtration stability.
What Is The Role Of High-Purity Nitrogen In A Supercritical Water Test Loop? Ensure Test Data Integrity
Learn how high-purity nitrogen enables precise deoxygenation in supercritical water test loops to simulate real-world corrosion environments.
How Does A High-Speed Stirring System Contribute To The Metal Recovery Rate? Maximize Zinc Sulfide Leaching Yields
Learn how high-speed stirring breaks diffusion layers and prevents saturation to achieve over 50% zinc extraction rates in leaching processes.
Why Is The Use Of High-Performance Alumina Crucibles Necessary When Melting Alloys With High Nickel Content?
Learn why high-purity alumina crucibles are essential for nickel melting to prevent contamination and withstand extreme thermal shock.
Why Are Electrolytic Cells Configured With Ion-Exchange Membranes Required? Enhancing Safety And Efficiency
Learn why ion-exchange membranes are vital for water splitting: preventing explosive gas mixing and reducing overpotential for better efficiency.
How Does A Dry Impact-Blending Device Compare To A Planetary Ball Mill? Optimize Your Solid-State Battery Composites
Discover why dry impact-blending outperforms planetary ball mills for creating uniform electrode coatings without damaging brittle particles.
How Does Co2 Affect Cvd Diamond Quality? Achieve Higher Purity And Superior Optical Properties
Learn how CO2 enhances CVD diamond quality by selectively etching impurities, improving crystalline purity, and optimizing surface morphology.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Preparation Of Copper And Boron Mixed Powders?
Learn how planetary ball mills ensure uniform dispersion of boron in copper under protective atmospheres for advanced composite preparation.
Why Is High-Performance Conductive Silver Paste Required For Integrated Pec Cells? Optimize Series Energy Transfer
Learn why high-performance silver paste is essential for low-impedance connections and light transmission in integrated PEC cell architecture.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill During Mo-La2O3 Mixing? Achieve Uniform Powder Dispersion
Learn how planetary ball mills achieve uniform dispersion of nano-scale La2O3 in Mo powder at low speeds to create high-quality alloy precursors.
How Does A Planetary Ball Mill Provide Mechanical Activation For Scandium Recovery? Maximize Your Leaching Efficiency
Learn how planetary ball mills use high-energy impacts to induce lattice distortion and increase scandium leaching rates from 22.9% to over 30.9%.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Drying Oven? Ensure Purity In Ni-Al2O3-Tio2 Composite Pretreatment
Learn why moisture removal is critical for Ni-Al2O3-TiO2 powders to prevent cracks, ensure stoichiometric precision, and protect the green body.
How Do Stainless Steel Components Function As Consumables In Assb Testing? Ensure Optimal Electrical & Mechanical Performance
Learn why stainless steel cylinders and spacers are vital current collectors and mechanical supports for all-solid-state battery testing.
Why Is A Multi-Stage Crushing And Grinding System Necessary For Msw? Optimize Your Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis
Learn why multi-stage crushing is essential for MSW processing to ensure homogenized powder, accurate sampling, and reliable thermal analysis.
What Is The Role Of Zirconia Grinding Jars And Balls In C_Fiber/Si3N4? Achieve High-Purity Ceramic Composites
Learn how zirconia grinding media ensures uniform dispersion and prevents contamination in Carbon Fiber/Silicon Nitride composite preparation.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Preparing Cu-Doped Tio2? Optimize Your Solid-State Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills enable copper-doped titanium dioxide synthesis through high-energy mixing, particle reduction, and lattice integration.
Why Use A Double-Stage Rotary Vane Vacuum Pump For Lithium Foil Drying? Ensure Chemical Purity And Thermal Stability
Learn how double-stage rotary vane vacuum pumps optimize metallic lithium foil processing by lowering solvent boiling points and preventing oxidation.
Why Choose Zirconia (Zro2) Grinding Media For Al6061/B4C Composites? Optimize Purity And Dispersion
Discover why Zirconia grinding media is essential for Al6061/B4C composites, balancing high impact energy with superior wear resistance and purity.
What Is The Function Of An Ultrasonic Disperser? Enhance Pani–Cuzno Nanocomposite Uniformity And Conductivity
Learn how ultrasonic homogenization uses cavitation to break nanoparticle agglomerates and create high-performance conductive PANI–CuZnO composites.
What Is The Function Of An Eccentric Shaft Mixer? Solve Nano-Agglomeration In Composite Powders
Learn how eccentric shaft mixers ensure deep mixing and nano-dispersion for high-performance Fe–Cu–Ni–Sn–VN composites.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Li2S Cathode Prep? Master Nano-Scale Material Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills enable high-performance Li2S-lithium salt-carbon cathodes through nano-scale dispersion and conductive networks.
Why Are Industrial Standard Sieves Necessary For Controlling The Physical Properties Of Dense Refractory Bricks?
Learn how industrial standard sieves optimize particle packing, reduce porosity, and enhance mechanical strength in dense refractory bricks.