Faqs - Thin-Layer Spectral Electrolysis Electrochemical Cell

What Role Do High-Pressure Homogenizers Or Ultrasonic Cell Disrupters Play In The Mechanical Processing Of Nanocellulose?
Learn how high-pressure homogenizers and ultrasonic cell disrupters use shear and cavitation to produce nanocellulose from oil palm fiber.
What Are The Process Capabilities Of Icpcvd Systems? Achieve Low-Damage Film Deposition At Ultra-Low Temperatures
Explore ICPCVD capabilities: deposit high-quality SiO2, Si3N4, and SiC films at temperatures as low as 5°C on wafers up to 200mm.
What Are The Key Characteristics Of Atomic Layer Chemical Vapour Deposition (Alcvd)? Precise Thin-Film Solutions
Learn how ALCVD offers atomic-scale precision, self-limiting reactions, and perfect conformality for high-performance thin-film deposition.
What Is The Fundamental Principle Of The Kbr Pellet Method? Master Ir Spectroscopy With Plastic Deformation
Learn how the mechanical plasticity of alkali halides enables KBr pellet formation for transparent, high-integrity infrared spectroscopy analysis.
What Are The Typical Operating Parameters For Rf Sputtering? Optimize Your Thin Film Deposition Performance
Learn the essential parameters for RF sputtering: 1000V peak-to-peak voltage, 13.56 MHz frequency, and 0.5-10 mTorr pressure for ideal thin films.
What Precursor Gases Are Used To Form Silicon Dioxide And Silicon Nitride Films Via Pecvd? Expert Precursor Guide
Learn the primary precursor gases for PECVD silicon dioxide and silicon nitride films, including silane, ammonia, and oxygen for high-quality results.
What Are The Benefits And Characteristics Of Coatings Produced By Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd)? | High-Purity Solutions
Unlock the benefits of CVD: high-purity, uniform, and ultra-hard coatings for complex geometries. Perfect for semiconductors and high-wear parts.
What Are The Applications Of Synthetic Diamond As An Electrode? Discover High-Stability Electrochemical Solutions
Learn how synthetic diamond electrodes excel in wastewater treatment, organic effluent degradation, and the production of strong oxidants.
What Is The Necessity Of Cooling In Peo? Master Thermal Management For High-Quality Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation
Learn why cooling systems and dry ice are vital in PEO to prevent electrolyte degradation and ensure uniform, high-quality ceramic coatings.
What Are The Advantages Of Bdd Electrodes? Maximize Wastewater Treatment Efficiency And Durability
Learn how Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) electrodes offer high oxidative power and extreme corrosion resistance for treating persistent organic pollutants.
How Do Ultrasonic Homogenizers Or Cell Disruptors Enhance The Digestion Efficiency Of Substrates In Dark Fermentation? Boost Bio-Availability
Learn how ultrasonic cavitation disrupts cell walls and solubilizes proteins to accelerate dark fermentation and hydrogen production efficiency.
How Are High-Precision Potentiometers Or Galvanometers Utilized In Cgde? Master Electrolyte Characterization
Learn how high-precision instruments measure specific conductivity to predict breakdown and discharge voltages in CGDE electrolyte characterization.
Why Is A Laboratory Ultrasonic Homogenizer Necessary? Ensure Accurate Silver-Silica Nanocomposite Analysis
Learn why ultrasonic homogenization is vital for breaking down agglomerates in silver-silica samples to ensure accurate DLS particle size data.
What Are The Specific Applications Of Ptfe In Micro-Batch Slug Flow Systems? Enhance Your Microfluidic Reaction Purity
Discover how PTFE’s hydrophobicity and chemical inertness optimize micro-batch slug flow by ensuring droplet uniformity and preventing wall fouling.
What Are The Advantages Of Pt And Ag/Agcl Electrodes In Alloy Testing? Ensure Precision In Electrochemical Analysis
Learn why Pt counter and Ag/AgCl reference electrodes are essential for stable, accurate, and standardized electrochemical testing of alloy films.
How Does A Potentiostatic Electrolytic Etching System Evaluate Aisi 316Ti Sensitization? Master Astm A262 Compliance
Learn how potentiostatic systems use electrochemical control and oxalic acid to reveal sensitization patterns in AISI 316Ti per ASTM A262 standards.
Why Is Electrochemical Etching Required To Observe The Microstructure Of High-Entropy Alloys? Reveal True Grain Detail
Learn why electrochemical etching is essential for HEA analysis to reveal grain boundaries and phases hidden by mechanical polishing.
What Is The Significance Of Using A High-Precision Potentiostat For Pdp Scanning? Unlock Accurate Corrosion Insights
Learn how high-precision potentiostats capture weak signals and enable Tafel extrapolation to calculate precise corrosion rates for materials.
Why Does Copper-Based Porous Foil As An Interlayer In Vacuum Diffusion Welding Result In Base-Metal Strength Joints?
Learn how copper-based porous foils create a Transient Liquid Phase (TLP) to eliminate welding interfaces and achieve base-metal joint strength.
Why Is An Optical Pyrometer Required For B4C Sintering? Ensure High-Precision Thermal Control In Hard Ceramics
Learn why non-contact optical pyrometers are essential for Boron Carbide sintering above 1600°C to prevent defects and ensure material density.
Why Is Electrode Polarity Switched Between Ec And Eo Stages? Optimize Mineralization And Extend Electrode Life
Learn why polarity switching is critical in integrated EC-EO processes to protect sacrificial iron and activate BDD anodes for oxidation.
What Is The Function Of Graphite Electrodes In Eaops For Pvc Microplastics? Enhance Degradation With In Situ Radicals
Learn how graphite electrodes act as cathodes in EAOPs to generate hydroxyl radicals for efficient PVC dechlorination and carbon chain degradation.
What Is The Function Of Ptfe In A Gas Diffusion Electrode? Mastering Co2 Electrolyzer Stability
Discover how PTFE regulates wettability and prevents electrode flooding to maintain the triple-phase interface in CO2 electrolyzers.
Why Is A High-Purity Graphite Rod Used For Titanium Corrosion Testing? Ensure Peak Integrity And Data Accuracy
Discover why high-purity graphite rods are the preferred inert auxiliary electrodes for electrochemical corrosion testing of titanium alloys.
Why Is The Choice Of Cathode Material Critical In Gold Electrowinning? Optimize Efficiency And Durability
Learn how cathode materials like graphite and stainless steel affect gold recovery speed, chemical stability, and deposition efficiency.
Why Is A Large-Area Carbon Rod Selected As The Counter Electrode For 304L Stainless Steel Testing? Ensure Data Accuracy
Learn why large-area carbon rods are essential for 304L stainless steel electrochemical testing to prevent polarization and ensure data fidelity.
Why Use A Pecvd System For Si-Dlc Coatings? Enhance Substrate Performance With Low-Temperature Precision
Discover why PECVD is essential for Si-DLC coatings: learn how it enables low-temperature deposition, superior uniformity, and hydrophobicity.
What Technical Advantages Do Single-Source Precursors Offer In Sic Cvd? Achieve Superior Stoichiometry And Low Defects
Learn how single-source precursors improve SiC thin film deposition through precise stoichiometric control and lower processing temperatures.
What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using A Cold-Wall Horizontal Reactor For Tio2? Maximize Efficiency & Film Purity
Learn how cold-wall horizontal reactors optimize TiO2 deposition by isolating heat, reducing waste, and ensuring high-quality nanostructured films.
Why Is A Rotating Disk Electrode (Rde) System Essential? Master Orr Performance In Biomass Carbon Electrocatalysts
Unlock the secrets of ORR: Learn how RDE systems eliminate diffusion limits to accurately measure biomass carbon catalytic activity and kinetics.
What Role Do Nickel-Plated Bipolar Plates Play In An Electrolyzer Stack? Enhance Efficiency And Durability
Discover how nickel-plated bipolar plates provide electrical connectivity, fluid management, and corrosion resistance in electrolyzer stacks.
What Is The Function Of A Photoelectrochemical Reactor Equipped With A Quartz Window? Maximize Pec Water Splitting Efficiency
Learn how quartz windows in PEC reactors prevent UV attenuation, ensuring accurate photocurrent density and hydrogen evolution in water splitting.
What Role Does A High-Strength Steel Mold Play In The Cold Sintering Of Llto? Key To 600 Mpa Densification
Discover why high-strength steel molds are vital for LLTO cold sintering, enabling 600 MPa pressure for dense, precise composite electrolytes.
What Is The Function Of Perfluorinated Sulfonic Acid Proton Exchange Membranes In The Preparation Of Biomimetic Sensors?
Learn how perfluorinated sulfonic acid membranes enhance biomimetic sensors through catalyst anchoring and precise chemical selectivity regulation.
Why Are Self-Supporting Electrodes With Superhydrophilic Properties Necessary For High-Current Oer? Optimize Electrolysis
Learn why superhydrophilic and superaerophobic electrodes are vital for high-current OER by preventing bubble-shielding and catalyst detachment.
Why Use A Three-Electrode System For Lpr Testing? Achieve Precision In Corrosion Measurement
Learn how a three-electrode configuration eliminates measurement errors and IR drop for accurate LPR corrosion testing.
Why Is Ptfe Selected For L-Proline Plasma Degradation? Ensure Chemical Purity & Field Stability
Discover why PTFE is the ideal material for sample holders in plasma experiments due to its oxidative resistance and electrical insulation.
Why Is Spark Plasma Sintering (Sps) Preferred For Ods Iron-Based Alloys? Achieve 95% Density And Fine-Grained Strength
Discover why SPS outperforms hot pressing for ODS alloys by using pulsed current to inhibit grain growth and maximize material density and hardness.
How Does Chemical Vapor Deposition (Cvd) Equipment Improve The Lithiophilicity Of Copper? Boost Battery Stability
Learn how CVD equipment enhances copper current collectors with lithiophilic layers to prevent dendrites and improve lithium battery performance.
What Core Functions Does A Single-Chamber Bio-Electrochemical Reactor Provide? Optimize Your Mes Experiments Today
Learn how single-chamber bio-electrochemical reactors integrate in-situ hydrogen evolution with biological metabolism for efficient MES research.
How Does Current Density Affect Mgo Nanostructures? Control Micromorphology In Electrochemical Synthesis
Learn how current density in an electrolytic cell dictates MgO morphology, from nanosheets to nano-flowers, for optimized catalytic performance.
What Is The Function Of A High-Precision Precursor Crucible In Ruthenium Cvd? Master Uniform Thin Film Deposition
Learn how high-precision crucibles ensure linear mass loss and stable vapor flux for uniform ruthenium film growth in CVD processes.
Why Are High-Purity Graphite Electrodes And Graphite Crucibles Utilized In Thermal Plasma Reactors? Ultimate Stability
Learn why high-purity graphite is essential for thermal plasma reactors due to its extreme thermal resistance and electrical conductivity.
What Is The Role Of An Immersed Thermocouple Well Design In An Ammonia Decomposition Reactor? Ensure Data Accuracy
Learn how immersed thermocouple wells prevent chemical interference and ensure precise temperature profiling in ammonia decomposition reactors.
Why Is A Platinum Wire Counter Electrode Necessary For Eis On 8620 Steel? Ensure Pure Data Accuracy
Learn why platinum electrodes are critical for EIS on 8620 steel to prevent interference and ensure precise impedance data collection.
Why Use Acid-Resistant, Shatterproof, Transparent Materials For Electrocoagulation? Enhance Reactor Safety & Visibility
Learn why specialized materials are critical for electrocoagulation reactors in brackish water treatment to ensure safety and data accuracy.
What Function Does A Pyrolysis Reactor Serve For Ldpe Waste? Optimize Plastic-To-Fuel Thermal Cracking
Learn how pyrolysis reactors convert LDPE waste into hydrocarbon vapors through thermal cracking at 300-400°C for secondary catalytic processing.
What Problems Do High-Pressure Split Electrolytic Cells Address In Anode-Free Batteries? Optimizing Testing Stability
Discover how high-pressure split cells and mold consumables solve volume expansion and sealing challenges in anode-free battery testing.
What Is The Difference Between Ir And Ftir? Discover The Superior Modern Spectroscopy Technique
Learn the key differences between IR and FTIR spectroscopy. Understand why FTIR's speed, sensitivity, and accuracy make it the industry standard.
What Are The Roles Of Polytetrafluoroethylene (Ptfe) Compression Tube Fittings? Ensure Precision & Signal Integrity
Learn how PTFE compression fittings provide essential hermetic sealing and electrical isolation for oxygen sensors and electrochemical electrodes.
What Is The Function Of A Small-Diameter K-Type Thermocouple In A Catalyst Bed? Optimize Your Spectroscopic Precision
Learn how direct-contact K-type thermocouples eliminate thermal lag and capture real-time reaction data within catalyst beds for accurate kinetics.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Corrosion-Resistant Stainless Steel For A Reaction Cell? Ensure In-Situ Data Integrity
Learn how corrosion-resistant stainless steel provides structural strength and chemical inertness for X-ray and IR spectroscopy reaction cells.
Why Must High-Temperature Performance Testing For All-Solid-State Batteries Use Precise Chambers? Optimize Asb Performance
Learn how precise temperature control activates ionic conductivity and thermo-mechanical coupling in all-solid-state battery testing.
What Experimental Utility Does The H-Type Dual-Chamber Reactor Offer For Algae Fuel Cells? Achieve Precision Research
Learn how H-type dual-chamber reactors isolate variables, optimize microalgae strains, and provide precise electrochemical measurements in AFC R&D.
What Is Methane Pyrolysis? A Low-Carbon Path To Hydrogen From Natural Gas
Methane pyrolysis breaks down CH₄ into H₂ and solid carbon, offering a turquoise hydrogen solution with no direct CO₂ emissions.
What Are The Advantages Of Spray Pyrolysis? Achieve Cost-Effective, Scalable Thin Film Production
Discover the key benefits of spray pyrolysis: cost-effectiveness, simple setup, and scalability for large-area thin film deposition in electronics and materials science.
What Are The Different Types Of Pyrolysis Equipment? Choose The Right Reactor For Your Process
Compare batch vs. continuous pyrolysis reactors, including rotary kilns, auger, and fluidized bed designs. Learn how to select based on feedstock, scale, and product goals.
Can Pyrolysis Produce Electricity? Unlock The Potential Of Waste-To-Energy Systems
Pyrolysis doesn't directly generate electricity but converts waste into energy-dense fuels (syngas, bio-oil, biochar) for power generation. Learn how it works.
Why Is A Ptfe Reaction Vessel Necessary For Antiperovskite Glass Electrolytes? Ensure Purity & Prevent Metal Corrosion
Learn why PTFE reaction vessels are essential for antiperovskite glass electrolytes to prevent chemical contamination and ensure high performance.
Why Is A Platinum Wire (Ptw) Counter Electrode Preferred For Cathode Lsv Tests? Ensure High-Precision Research
Discover why platinum wire (PtW) is the preferred counter electrode for LSV tests, offering chemical inertness and unmatched data reproducibility.
How Does Using A Stainless Steel Mesh Counter Electrode Improve Lsv Testing? Boost Accuracy With Higher Surface Area
Learn how Stainless Steel Mesh (SSM) improves Linear Sweep Voltammetry by increasing surface area and reducing polarization resistance in lab tests.
Roles Of Platinum Counter Vs Ag/Agcl Reference Electrodes In 3-Electrode Systems
Understand how platinum counter electrodes and Ag/AgCl reference electrodes isolate current and voltage for precise electrochemical analysis.
Why Is A High-Precision Rotating Ring-Disk Electrode (Rrde) Essential For Orr? Unlock Precise Catalytic Kinetics
Learn why RRDE is the gold standard for ORR analysis, enabling real-time byproduct detection and precise electron transfer number calculation.
Why Is A Quartz Corrosion Cell Selected For Boiling 95% Sulfuric Acid? Ensure Safety And Data Integrity At 317°C
Discover why quartz is the essential material for boiling sulfuric acid experiments, offering unmatched thermal resistance and chemical purity.
Why Are Ptfe Membrane Filters Selected For Rice Husk Fractionation? Ensuring Purity In Harsh Separation Stages
Discover why PTFE membrane filters are essential for rice husk fractionation, offering unmatched chemical resistance and solvent stability.
What Role Do Ptfe Containers Play In Trace Metal Detection? Ensure Analytical Precision In Photocatalysis Studies
Discover how PTFE containers prevent contamination and ion adsorption in trace metal analysis for reliable ICP-MS results.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Water-Cooled Luggin Probe? Boost Accuracy In High-Temp Corrosion Tests
Learn how water-cooled Luggin probes protect reference electrodes from thermal drift and minimize IR drop in high-temperature corrosion testing.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A Heating Device For 180°C Llza Lithium Treatment? Optimize Solid-State Interface
Learn how 180°C heat treatment softens lithium to eliminate voids and reduce impedance at the LLZA electrolyte interface for better battery performance.
Why Is It Critical To Limit Pvc In Plastic Recycling Systems? Protect Your Stainless Steel Reactor From Corrosion
Learn why PVC causes severe corrosion and product degradation in stainless steel reactors and how to protect your recycling investment.
How Does A Split Coin Cell Solve Li6Ps5Cl Testing Issues? Master Pressure Control For Solid-State Research
Learn how split coin cells and external loading devices solve Li6PS5Cl battery testing instabilities by maintaining constant interface contact.
How Do A Magnetic Stirrer And A Nitrogen Atmosphere Facilitate Aep-Functionalized Otmo Preparation? Optimize Synthesis
Learn how magnetic stirring and nitrogen control ensure molecular mixing and prevent oxidation in AEP-functionalized OTMO synthesis.
How Do Quartz Corrosion Cells And Reflux Condensers Evaluate Fe-High Si Alloys? Ensure Precise Corrosion Data
Learn how quartz cells and reflux condensers provide the inert environment and acid stability needed to test Fe-high Si alloys in boiling acid.
What Is The Primary Purpose Of Coating The Gdl With Ptfe In Hcl Electrolysis? Enhance Gas Diffusion & Prevent Flooding
Learn how PTFE coating on carbon cloth regulates hydrophobicity and prevents catalyst flooding to optimize performance in HCl electrolysis.
What Are The Benefits Of Using A Ptfe Liner In Solvothermal Synthesis? Ensure Purity In Catalyst Production
Learn how PTFE liners prevent metal contamination and resist aggressive alkaline solvents in high-temperature solvothermal catalyst synthesis.
Why Are Boron-Doped Diamond (Bdd) Anodes Considered A High-Performance Choice? Unleash Unmatched Oxidation Power
Learn how BDD anodes use high oxygen evolution potential to generate hydroxyl radicals for total mineralization of organic pollutants.
How Can The Functional Stability And Structural Integrity Of A Glass Reference Electrode Be Maintained? Expert Guide
Learn the essential maintenance protocols for glass reference electrodes, including electrolyte replacement and safe chemical cleaning methods.
Why Is Precision Mixing And Shaping Equipment Required For Composite Cathodes In Solid-State Batteries?
Learn how precision mixing and hydraulic presses optimize the mesostructure of solid-state battery cathodes for maximum ionic conductivity.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A Precision Heating Stage Or Oven? Master Sns2 Interface Formation On Beta-Al2O3
Learn why precision heating is critical for the thermal decomposition of SnCl4 and thiourea into a stable SnS2 conductive interface layer.
Why Is High-Density Graphite Selected For Zrc Cvd Reaction Chambers? Ensure High Purity And Thermal Stability
Learn why high-density graphite is essential for ZrC CVD, acting as a susceptor for induction heating and resisting corrosive chemical precursors.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Ptfe Filters For Ionic Component Analysis? Ensure Accurate Sample Quantification
Discover why PTFE filters are essential for ionic analysis, offering chemical inertness and low adsorption to prevent sample contamination.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Dimensionally Stable Anodes (Dsa)? A Cost-Effective Platinum Alternative.
Discover how Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA) offer tunable overpotential and cost-efficiency for biomass acid conversion compared to platinum.
How Do Power Supply Equipment And Chemical Reagents Function Together In Electrochemical Etching? Precision Insights
Learn how DC power and electrolytes interact to reveal austenitic stainless steel microstructures through controlled oxidation and ion exchange.
How Do Heating Devices And Circulation Pumps Impact Pemwe Evaluation? Optimize Your Single-Cell Performance Testing
Learn how constant temperature heating and circulation pumps enhance PEMWE single-cell testing via reaction kinetics and thermal stability.
Why Is An Inconel Alloy Chamber Used For Molten Salt Electrolysis? Ensure Safety At 950°C
Learn why Inconel is essential for ferrotitanium electrolysis, offering superior thermal stability and corrosion resistance at extreme temperatures.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Ptfe Molds For Li7P3S11 Sulfide Electrolytes? Ensuring Purity And Ease Of Demolding
Discover why PTFE molds outperform metal for Li7P3S11 pelletizing, focusing on chemical inertness, impurity prevention, and superior demolding.
Why Must The Drying Of Peo-Tpp Composite Layers Be In An Argon Glove Box? Ensure Peak Battery Performance
Learn why an argon glove box is essential for drying PEO-TPP layers to prevent degradation and ensure high ionic conductivity.
What Is The Relationship Between Thermal Management Circulation Units And Pem Electrolysis Efficiency? Key Insights
Learn how thermal management circulation units regulate PEM stack temperature, prevent catalyst inactivation, and maximize electrolysis efficiency.
How Do A Dc Power Supply And An Electrolytic Cell Collaborate To Evaluate The Hydrogen Embrittlement Of Alloys?
Learn how DC power supplies and electrolytic cells create in-situ hydrogen charging environments to test high-entropy alloy durability.
How Do Infrared Thermal Imagers Or Thermocouple Monitoring Systems Evaluate Sic Coating Thermal Oxidation Resistance?
Learn how infrared and thermocouple systems detect hotspots to verify the structural integrity of airtight Silicon Carbide (SiC) coatings.
Why Is A High-Concentration Potassium Hydroxide (Koh) Solution Used As An Electrolyte In Alkaline Electrolyzers (Ae)?
Learn why KOH is the preferred electrolyte for alkaline electrolyzers, optimizing ionic mobility, conductivity, and hardware durability.
What Are The Roles Of Pt Counter And Reference Electrodes In Nitrided Steel Testing? Optimize Your Electrochemical Data
Learn how platinum counter electrodes and reference electrodes ensure precision and stability in electrochemical testing of nitrided steel.
What Advantages Do Ptfe Molds Offer For Composite Polymer Electrolyte Casting? Ensure Defect-Free Membrane Fabrication
Discover why PTFE molds are essential for casting electrolyte membranes, offering low surface energy, chemical inertness, and damage-free peeling.
How Do Ultrasonic Homogenizers Facilitate The Cell Disruption Of Microalgae? Boost Extraction With Acoustic Cavitation
Learn how ultrasonic homogenizers use acoustic cavitation and high-pressure shock waves to shatter rigid microalgae cell walls for lipid release.
How Is A Three-Electrode Electrochemical Workstation Used To Study Ga0.25Zn4.67S5.08? Unveil Photocatalytic Mechanisms
Learn how electrochemical workstations measure photocurrent and carrier dynamics in Ga0.25Zn4.67S5.08 to optimize its bactericidal performance.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Quartz Glass As The Material For An Electrocatalytic Oxidation Reactor Cell?
Discover why quartz glass is the premier material for electrocatalytic reactors, offering chemical stability and high optical transparency.
Why Use 60°C For Lpsc Solid-State Battery Testing? Enhance Ionic Conductivity And Accelerate Performance Results
Learn why 60°C is the standard for LPSC battery testing to overcome kinetic limits, boost ionic conductivity, and speed up research cycles.
How Is A Multi-Channel Potentiostat Used In Fixed-Bed Bioelectrochemical Systems? Optimize Spatial Mapping & Control
Learn how multi-channel potentiostats enable simultaneous potential control and real-time biofilm tracking in complex fixed-bed reactor systems.
What Is The Role Of A Titanium Metal Mesh As A Counter Electrode? Optimize Efficiency In Large-Scale Systems
Learn how titanium mesh serves as a high-performance counter electrode, reducing resistance and resisting corrosion in fixed-bed systems.
Why Must Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Plates Be Treated In A Vacuum Drying Oven? Ensuring Safety And Stability
Learn why vacuum drying is critical for Li-ion battery cathode plates to prevent electrolyte decomposition and ensure electrochemical performance.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A Three-Electrode System To Study Brush-Like Polyaniline? Unlock Ph 7 Activity
Learn how a three-electrode workstation validates the electrochemical stability of brush-like polyaniline in neutral pH environments (6 to 9).