How Does A High-Precision Thermostatic Oven Contribute To Evaluating The Protective Performance Of Silicone Enamels?

Learn how high-precision ovens drive film formation and structural integrity in silicone enamels to ensure accurate corrosion resistance testing.

What Role Do Ceramic Heaters Play In Silver Nanoparticle Preparation? Achieve Precision And Stability In Synthesis

Discover how ceramic heaters provide the thermal stability needed to prevent agglomeration and ensure morphology in silver nanoparticle synthesis.

What Is The Purpose Of Using An Infrared Drying Oven? Optimize Copper-Plated Graphite Composite Powder Quality

Learn why infrared drying ovens are essential for electroless copper-plated graphite/copper powders to prevent oxidation and ensure loose flow.

Why Is The Use Of A Standard Sieve Necessary Before The Press-Molding Of Nasicon Powders? Ensure Superior Sintered Density

Learn why sieving NaSICON powder is critical for removing agglomerates, optimizing packing density, and eliminating structural voids in ceramics.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Laboratory Oven In Coal Fly Ash Zeolite Production? Achieve Optimal Activation

Learn how laboratory ovens activate coal fly ash zeolite by removing moisture at 105°C to stabilize phases and clear active sites for adsorption.

Why Is A Laboratory Oven Used To Heat Treat Electrodes At 250°C? Expert Insight On Tio2 Impregnation Stabilization

Learn why heat treating electrodes at 250°C is essential for removing moisture, preventing hydrogen porosity, and stabilizing TiO2 nanoparticles.

How Do Ptc Fan Heaters Work? Discover Efficient Space Heating Solutions For Labs & Offices

Learn the mechanics of PTC fan heaters, how active convection distributes heat, and how to choose the right heating technology for your needs.

Why Are Transition Metals Other Than Co, Ni, And Cu Less Favorable For Cvd Graphene? Costs & Technical Hurdles

Explore why precious metals like Pt and Au fall short in CVD graphene production due to high costs, scalability issues, and transfer challenges.

What Are The Primary Advantages And Disadvantages Of The Plasma Spraying Technique? Expert Process Insights

Explore the benefits of atmospheric plasma spraying, its efficiency advantages, and how to overcome coverage limitations with automation.

What Are The Typical Air-To-Gas Ratios For Endothermic Generators? Optimize Natural Gas And Propane Settings

Learn the practical air-to-gas ratios for natural gas (2.8-3.1) and propane (7.5-8.1) to ensure stable endothermic generator performance.

What Is Sputtering? Learn How This Vacuum Deposition Technique Creates High-Precision Thin Film Coatings

Understand the mechanics of sputtering: a vacuum deposition process using ion bombardment to create uniform, adhesive thin films on various substrates.

What Is Organometallic Chemical Vapour Deposition (Mocvd)? Advanced Semiconductor Growth Explained

Learn how MOCVD utilizes organometallic precursors and thermal decomposition to produce high-quality compound semiconductors like GaN for LEDs.

How Does Optical Laser Induced Chemical Vapour Deposition (Optical Lcvd) Work? Precision Photo-Chemical Synthesis

Learn how Optical LCVD uses resonant laser absorption for gas-phase decomposition to create ultra-micro particles with steep temperature gradients.

Why Is Forced Cooling Required For Dc Plasma Jet Diamond Coating? Master Thermal Stability For Pure Growth

Learn why forced cooling is essential in DC plasma jet diamond coating to prevent graphitization and maintain the 700-1000°C growth window.

What Are The Industrial Advantages Of Continuous Flow/Plug Flow Reactors? Scale Up Supercritical Water Waste Treatment

Discover how continuous flow reactors outperform batch systems in supercritical water waste treatment through heat recovery and scale efficiency.

How Does The Placement Of K-Type Or R-Type Thermocouples Affect Temperature Control? Ensure Precise Pyrolysis Results

Learn how direct contact thermocouple placement optimizes heating rates, gas release correlation, and kinetic calculations in pyrolysis reactors.

What Is The Function Of A Pid Temperature Control System? Ensure Stability In Nuclear Simulations

Learn how PID temperature control systems regulate heating voltage and minimize deviations to ensure stability in nuclear water simulations.

What Is The Primary Function Of Porous Ceramic Supports? Ensuring Structural Integrity In Zeolite Membranes

Learn how porous ceramic supports provide mechanical strength and influence crystal adhesion in MFI-type zeolite membrane preparation.

Why Are Boron Nitride Coatings And Graphite Paper Applied To Graphite Molds? Enhance Your Hot-Press Sintering Success

Learn how boron nitride and graphite paper prevent chemical reactions and simplify demolding during high-temperature hot-press loading processes.

Why Is A Constant Temperature Laboratory Shaker Essential For The Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of Microalgae? Boost Your Yield

Learn how constant temperature shakers optimize microalgae hydrolysis by improving mass transfer and maintaining precise thermal stability.

Why Is The Mechanical Agitation Provided By A Shaking Incubator Necessary For The Enzymatic Hydrolysis Of Biomass?

Learn why mechanical agitation in shaking incubators is vital for biomass hydrolysis, overcoming viscosity and boosting enzyme-substrate contact.

Why Heat Ald/Cvd Transport Lines? Prevent Precursor Condensation And Ensure Thin Film Uniformity

Learn why heating delivery lines in ALD and CVD is critical to prevent precursor condensation, system blockages, and unstable film growth.

Why Are Alumina Crucibles Selected As Containers For Liquid Lead Corrosion Experiments? Ensure Pure Experimental Data

Learn why high-purity alumina crucibles are the industry standard for liquid lead experiments due to thermal stability and chemical inertness.

Why Are Special Hot-Work Die Steel Molds Preferred Over Traditional Graphite Molds For The Cold Sintering Of Zno?

Learn why hot-work die steel molds are essential for ZnO cold sintering, offering 300+ MPa pressure capacity for low-temp densification.

Why Is A Cooling Circulation System Necessary During The Plasma-Assisted Synthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles?

Learn why cooling circulation is vital in plasma silver nanoparticle synthesis to prevent heat accumulation and ensure uniform particle growth.

What Role Do Thermostatic Shakers And Erlenmeyer Flasks Play In Bioconversion? Optimize Your Xylose To Xylitol Process

Learn how thermostatic shakers and Erlenmeyer flasks regulate oxygen, temperature, and mixing to maximize xylose to xylitol bioconversion yields.

What Is The Function Of High-Purity Alumina Boats And Spacers In S-Co2 Corrosion Experiments? Ensure Data Precision

Learn how high-purity alumina boats and spacers prevent galvanic corrosion and solid-state diffusion in supercritical CO2 testing environments.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using Ni-Al Or Ti-Cu Interlayers? Precision Bonding For Ni-Cr Alloy Foils

Learn how Ni-Al and Ti-Cu multi-layer interlayers optimize vacuum diffusion welding by reducing heat, pressure, and preventing grain coarsening.

Why Must J55 Steel Specimens Be Placed In An Oven For 24 Hours? Ensure 0.0001G Precision In Corrosion Tests

Learn why the 24-hour oven drying cycle is critical for J55 steel corrosion experiments to eliminate moisture and ensure high-precision weighing.

What Is The Function Of A Heating Reaction System In Benzoic Acid Esterification? Master Precision Thermal Control

Learn how precise temperature control regulates kinetics and equilibrium in benzoic acid esterification to maximize yields and reproducibility.

What Is The Necessity Of A Drying Oven With Programmable Control For Tungstic Acid? Ensure High Surface Area Control

Learn why programmable drying ovens are essential for tungstic acid treatment to prevent sintering and maximize specific surface area.

What Is The Purpose Of Using A High-Precision Capacitance Manometer To Monitor Pressure During Cathodic Cage Nitriding?

Learn how high-precision capacitance manometers ensure gas-independent pressure measurement and plasma stability in cathodic cage nitriding.

What Is The Objective Of Using High-Purity Argon For Purging? Ensure Precise Iron Powder Oxidation Results

Learn how high-purity argon purging establishes precise experimental boundaries and preserves data integrity in iron powder oxidation experiments.

What Role Does A Specialized Battery Separator Play In Minimizing The Internal Resistance Of A Zinc-Air Battery?

Learn how specialized battery separators use hydrophilicity and porosity to lower internal resistance and prevent dendrite growth in zinc-air cells.

How Do Pyrolysis Reactor Dimensions Influence Plastic Conversion? Optimize Geometry For Higher Liquid Yields

Learn how reactor geometry and surface-to-volume ratios impact heat transfer, residence time, and the efficiency of plastic-to-fuel conversion.

What Experimental Environment Do High-Temperature And High-Pressure Autoclaves Provide For Biofuel Research?

Discover how autoclaves create subcritical environments (240-310°C, 40-110 bar) to simulate SMSW liquefaction and test material corrosion.

What Role Does A Laboratory Drying Oven Play In The Processing And Chemical Analysis Of Aluminum Dross?

Learn how laboratory drying ovens stabilize aluminum dross for precise chemical analysis and grinding by removing surface moisture at 60°C.

What Is The Role Of An Industrial High-Temperature Oven In Curing? Optimize Composite Coating Integrity & Hardness

Learn how industrial high-temperature ovens drive cross-linking, enhance adhesion, and prevent defects in composite coatings through thermal curing.

Why Is A High-Pressure Catalytic Reaction System Necessary For Bio-Oil Hdo? Unlock High-Grade Fuel Production

Learn why high pressure is essential for bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation to dissolve hydrogen, prevent coking, and ensure efficient oxygen removal.

Why Is A Boron Nitride (Bn) Coating Applied To The Inner Walls Of Graphite Molds? Optimize Hot Pressing Results

Learn how Boron Nitride (BN) coatings prevent adhesion, chemical reactions, and mold damage during high-temperature Tantalum Carbide hot pressing.

Why Is A 316 Stainless Steel Tubular Reactor Selected For The Hydrothermal Pretreatment Of Energy Sugarcane? Key Benefits

Learn why 316 stainless steel reactors are essential for energy sugarcane pretreatment, offering high pressure resistance and corrosion stability.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Oven In Processing Nitric Acid-Modified Mesoporous Carbon? Optimize Catalyst Supports

Learn why laboratory ovens are essential for drying mesoporous carbon at 333 K to preserve pore structure and ensure optimal catalyst loading.

How Can High-Precision Pressure Equipment Be Used For Battery Failure Analysis? Isolate Mechanical Vs Chemical Decay

Learn how high-precision pressure equipment simulates interfacial contact to distinguish between mechanical and chemical failure in ASSB research.

What Is The Technological Value Of A Dual-Stage Tandem Reactor For Salix Biomass? Unlock Higher Methane Yields

Learn how dual-stage tandem reactors overcome lignin recalcitrance in Salix biomass to maximize methane yield and energy conversion efficiency.

What Are The Advantages Of A Cstr Vs Batch Reactors For Salix/Manure? Boost Your Biogas Efficiency And Stability

Discover why CSTRs outperform batch reactors in biomass co-digestion through superior mixing, process control, and industrial scalability.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Drying Oven In Biomass Pretreatment? Ensure High-Quality Bio-Oil Production

Learn how laboratory drying ovens stabilize biomass like Tanjong leaves at 105°C to remove moisture and optimize bio-oil heating values.

What Is The Role Of A High-Pressure Autoclave In Hydrothermal Synthesis? Unlock Precision Metal Oxide Nanomaterials

Learn how high-pressure autoclaves enable hydrothermal synthesis, allowing for precise control over the morphology and purity of metal oxide nanomaterials.

What Is The Primary Purpose Of Using A 200-Mesh Standard Sieve In Coal Combustion? Ensure Precise Particle Sizing

Learn why the 200-mesh sieve (75 µm) is vital for coal combustion studies, ensuring uniform heating and accurate TGA data through maximized surface area.

What Role Does A Laboratory Orbital Shaker Play In Ahp Pretreatment? Achieve Uniform Delignification For Cassava Stems

Learn how laboratory orbital shakers eliminate concentration gradients and ensure uniform delignification in AHP pretreatment of cassava stems.

Why Are Platinum Electrode Wires Wrapped In Oxidized Zirconia Coils? Ensure Signal Integrity In High-Temp Systems

Learn how oxidized zirconia coils prevent short circuits by insulating platinum electrodes from stainless steel walls in high-temperature water.

What Are The Specific Requirements For Incubation Equipment Used In The Bioleaching Of Enargite? Ensure High-Performance Results

Learn the essential requirements for bioleaching enargite with thermophiles: precise 65-75°C control and acid-resistant PTFE materials.

Why Is A Graphite Crucible Containing Molten Bismuth Used In Lif–Naf–Kf Purification? Enhance Melt Purity Efficiently

Learn how a liquid bismuth cathode in a graphite crucible stabilizes potassium during LiF-NaF-KF melt purification to ensure deep oxygen removal.

How Does A Vacuum Drying Oven Function In Biobr/Epoxy Degassing? Optimize Composite Material Performance

Learn how vacuum drying ovens eliminate micro-voids in BiOBr/epoxy resin preforms through pressure-induced expansion and thermal assistance.

How Does Applying An Amorphous Carbon Layer Via Cvd Affect Electro-Fenton Catalysts? Enhance H2O2 Selectivity Today

Learn how CVD-applied amorphous carbon layers optimize electro-Fenton catalysts by promoting two-electron transfer for higher H2O2 selectivity.

What Is The Role Of Crucibles In The Pechini Method? Key Steps For High-Purity Synthesis

Learn how crucibles enable carbonization and 1000°C calcination in the Pechini method to produce high-purity La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ precursors.

What Role Do Metal Molds Play During The Cold Pressing Stage Of Vc/Cu Composite Fabrication? High-Precision Shaping

Learn how metal molds enable powder containment, densification, and the creation of high-strength green compacts for VC/Cu composite fabrication.

What Role Does A High-Pressure Hydrothermal Reactor Play In Material Synthesis? Engineering Mesoporous Nanomaterials

Learn how high-pressure reactors enable the synthesis of mesoporous hydroxyapatite and hydrochar through subcritical water environments.

What Are The Primary Functions Of A Laboratory Forced Air Drying Oven In The Multi-Step Deposition Of Hydrophobic Coatings?

Learn how forced air drying ovens enable solvent evaporation and molecular self-assembly for high-performance hydrophobic coatings.

What Role Does Constant Temperature Heating And Stirring Play In Zno Functionalization? Achieve Optimal Hydrophobicity

Learn how precise heating and mechanical shear enable the stearic acid functionalization of ZnO nanopowders for uniform surface modification.

What Is The Primary Function Of Low-Energy Ball Milling In 316L-Y2O3 Ods Steel? Optimize Powder Flow For 3D Printing

Learn how low-energy ball milling coats 316L steel with Y2O3 to preserve flowability and spherical morphology for superior additive manufacturing.

What Role Do Standard Pyrometric Cones (Pce Cones) Play During Refractoriness Testing? Ensure High-Temp Stability

Learn how PCE cones serve as visual benchmarks to determine the refractoriness and softening points of materials in high-temperature furnaces.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Utilizing Pecvd To Produce Graphene Nanowalls From Natural Essential Oils?

Learn how PECVD synthesizes graphene nanowalls from essential oils at low temperatures without catalysts, preserving minerals and edge sharpness.

What Is The Purpose Of Refilling A Quartz Sealing Tube With 300 Mbar Of Argon? Optimize Pressure For Heat Treatment

Learn why 300 mbar of argon is used in quartz sealing tubes to balance pressure during 1273 K heat treatment and prevent vessel failure.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Argon As A Carrier Gas In Pecvd? Optimize Plasma Stability And Film Quality

Learn how argon enhances PECVD by stabilizing glow discharge, increasing precursor fragmentation, and enabling precise control over film density.

What Role Does A Rotary Kiln Play In The Incineration Treatment Of Waste Composite Materials? Energy & Volume Solutions

Learn how rotary kilns optimize waste composite incineration through residence time control, energy recovery, and volume reduction strategies.

What Specific Reaction Environment Does A High-Pressure Reactor Provide For Hds? Optimize Your Fuel Purification

Learn why HDS requires 300-400°C and 30-130 atm. Discover how KINTEK high-pressure reactors facilitate deep sulfur removal for fuel purification.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Cr2032 Coin Cell Cases For Evaluating Sodium-Ion Battery Electrolytes?

Discover why CR2032 cases are the gold standard for sodium-ion electrolyte testing, offering hermetic sealing and precise data integrity.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Oven In W18Cr4V Steel Sample Preparation? Expert Microstructural Drying Guide

Learn why 60°C oven drying is vital for W18Cr4V steel to prevent secondary oxidation and ensure precise XRD and metallographic analysis results.

What Are The Process Advantages Of Combining High-Speed Shear Systems With Chemical Catalysts? Maximize Biomass Yield

Discover how combining high-speed shear with chemical catalysts creates a synergistic effect for superior lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment.

Why Are Zirconia Grinding Jars And Balls Preferred For Sulfur Electrodes? Ensuring Purity In Mechanical Milling

Discover why zirconia is the industry standard for sulfur electrode milling, offering extreme hardness and preventing metallic contamination.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Blast Drying Oven In The Production Of Solid-State Corrosion Inhibitors? - Kintek

Learn how blast drying ovens transform plant extracts into stable solid-state corrosion inhibitors through precise thermal and moisture control.

What Role Does A Cvd Reactor Play In Catalytic Pyrolysis Of Ldpe And Pp? Optimize Your Plastic Recycling Research

Learn how CVD reactors facilitate the catalytic pyrolysis of LDPE and PP by providing anaerobic integrity and precise thermal control at 500°C.

Why Is It Necessary To Perform Sieving With Standard Grading Sieves Before Conducting Thermal Analysis On Flax Straw?

Learn why sieving flax straw with standard grading sieves is essential for accurate TGA results and eliminating thermal lag in biomass analysis.

How Does A Gasification Reactor Facilitate The Production Of Tar? Master Biomass Pyrolysis & Thermal Control

Learn how gasification reactors produce tar via thermal degradation at 300-500°C and how to manage this byproduct for efficient gas generation.

Why Is An Industrial Oven Essential For The Gelation Of Carbon Xerogels? Ensuring Precise Cross-Linking And Stability

Learn why stable 85°C heating in an industrial oven is critical for the 72-hour gelation of nitrogen-doped carbon xerogels and nanoporous structures.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Drying Oven In Sol-Gel Synthesis? Ensure High-Quality Cao Nanocatalysts

Learn how laboratory drying ovens drive phase transition in sol-gel synthesis of CaO nanocatalysts by removing solvents and ensuring uniformity.

Why Are Silica Boats Or High-Purity Ceramic Crucibles Used For Ni-Tio2 Sintering? Ensure Pure Catalyst Results

Learn why silica and ceramic crucibles are essential for Ni-TiO2 sintering at 500°C to prevent contamination and ensure catalytic purity.

What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Oven In Zno-Au Nanocomposites? Achieve Precision Drying And Material Stability

Learn how industrial laboratory ovens stabilize ZnO-Au nanocomposites at 65°C, preventing sintering and preserving nanoparticle integrity.

How Do Sintering And Grinding Ensure Silicon Carbide Heat Exchanger Performance? Achieve Extreme Corrosion Resistance

Learn how sintering and precision grinding enhance SiC heat exchangers for sulfuric acid decomposition, ensuring durability and thermal efficiency.

What Is The Specific Function Of A Pre-Firing Furnace In The Sol-Gel Synthesis Of Lzp? Expert Thermal Purification

Learn why pre-firing at 550°C is critical for LZP synthesis, removing organic residues to prevent cracks and ensure high ionic conductivity.

What Are The Design Advantages Of A Three-Chamber Flow Cell? Maximize Co2 Reduction Efficiency

Learn how three-chamber flow cells prevent cross-interference and enhance multi-carbon selectivity in CO2 reduction systems.

Why Is Dli-Mocvd Required For Long Fuel Cladding Tubes? Ensure Uniform Internal Coating For Nuclear Safety

Discover why DLI-MOCVD is essential for coating internal surfaces of long zirconium alloy tubes, overcoming PVD line-of-sight limitations.

Why Are Viton O-Rings Utilized For Sealing In Carbochlorination Experimental Setups? Ensure Safety And Seal Integrity

Discover why Viton O-rings are essential for carbochlorination, offering chemical resistance to chlorine gas and reliable vacuum sealing.

How Does A Standard Electrolytic Cell Ensure Accuracy In Her Testing? Achieve Reliable Sno2/Mos2 Catalyst Performance

Learn how three-electrode electrolytic cells provide precise potential control and accurate overpotential measurements for HER catalyst testing.

What Is The Function Of A Laboratory Constant Temperature Drying Oven In Rice Husk Analysis? Ensure Precise Dry Weight

Learn why constant temperature drying ovens are essential for rice husk analysis, establishing dry matter baselines for chemical component accuracy.

What Is The Purpose Of A Dc Bias Power Supply In Growing Vertical Graphene Nanowalls? Control Ion Direction And Growth

Learn how DC bias power supplies enable vertical graphene nanowall growth by directing ion acceleration and creating precise electric fields.

What Is The Function Of A Mechanical Stirrer In Enhancing Toc Removal? Boost Oxidation In Fishmeal Wastewater Treatment

Learn how mechanical stirring enhances TOC removal in fishmeal wastewater by overcoming mass transfer limits and disrupting polarization layers.

How Is A Constant Temperature Drying Oven Utilized In The Determination Of Pulp Yield? Ensure Precision In Biomass Data

Learn how constant temperature drying ovens enable accurate pulp yield calculation by eliminating moisture and ensuring precise mass measurements.

Why Do Copper And Graphite Green Bodies Require Long-Term Heating? Ensure Structural Integrity During Sintering

Learn why long-term drying is critical for copper-graphite green bodies to prevent cracking and internal defects during the sintering process.

How Is A Precision Doctor Blade Coater Utilized In Constructing Multi-Layered Scpe Structures? Precise Layering Guide

Learn how precision doctor blade coaters create 'soft-hard-soft' SCPE architectures with micron-level accuracy for battery research and development.

How Does A Type K Thermocouple Ensure Data Quality In Supercritical Water Process Control? Master Precision Monitoring

Learn how Type K thermocouples ensure data integrity and reproducibility in supercritical water processes through precise thermal control.

What Is The Role Of High-Purity Nitrogen In A Supercritical Water Test Loop? Ensure Test Data Integrity

Learn how high-purity nitrogen enables precise deoxygenation in supercritical water test loops to simulate real-world corrosion environments.

Why Is Argon Flow Rate Control Critical In Tantalum Carbide Cvd? Optimize Transport And Stoichiometry

Master Argon flow rate in Tantalum Carbide CVD to control precursor transport, residence time, and achieve near-stoichiometric coating growth.

Why Is Cold Water Quenching Used In Zirconium Dioxide Synthesis? Control Particle Size In High-Pressure Reactors

Learn why cold water quenching is critical for halting nanoparticle growth, ensuring uniformity, and mastering zirconium dioxide synthesis.

How Does A Benchtop Constant Temperature Drying Oven Facilitate The Post-Processing Of Synthesized Nh2-Uio-66 Crystals?

Learn how precise thermal control in a drying oven activates NH2-UiO-66 crystals by removing solvents and maximizing surface area for lab research.

What Role Does A High-Pressure Hydrothermal Synthesis Reactor Play In The Secondary Growth Of B-Axis Oriented Mfi Films?

Learn how high-pressure hydrothermal reactors stabilize environments to grow b-axis oriented MFI films with uniform crystallization and thickness.

How Do High-Temperature Reactors Utilize Gasifying Agents To Convert Msw Into Syngas? Efficient Waste-To-Energy Secrets

Learn how high-temperature reactors (1000-1950 K) use CO2 and water vapor to transform Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) into hydrogen-rich syngas.

What Is The Function Of Glass-Ceramic Heaters In High-Temperature Evaporation? Ensure Thermal Precision & Stability

Learn how glass-ceramic heaters provide ±1 °C accuracy and uniform heating to maintain single-phase evaporation in high-temperature experiments.

What Are The Advantages Of Using An Undivided Electrolytic Cell For Acid Red-20? Boost Efficiency And Speed

Learn how undivided electrolytic cells accelerate Acid Red-20 oxidation by reducing resistance and maximizing dual oxidation pathways.

What Is The Purpose Of Using Adjustable High-Temperature Fixtures? Ensure Stable Material Interfaces Up To 1000°C

Learn how adjustable high-temperature fixtures like Kovar alloy ensure interface integrity and data reliability in diffusion couple experiments.