What Is The Role Of The Ball Mill In C-Sic-B4C-Tib2 Composite Production? Key For Homogeneity And Refinement
Learn how ball milling ensures microscopic homogeneity, reactant contact, and particle refinement in C-SiC-B4C-TiB2 composite production.
What Preparation Steps Are Required For The Electrodes? Ensure High-Accuracy Electrochemical Analysis
Learn the essential cleaning and activation steps for electrodes, including pre-electrolysis and reference electrode maintenance for lab success.
How Does A Three-Electrode Electrochemical Workstation Assess Ta10 Titanium Corrosion? Expert Testing Insights
Learn how three-electrode workstations use OCP, EIS, and polarization curves to measure TA10 titanium alloy corrosion resistance and stability.
Why Are Rotating Reactors Preferred For Metal Leaching? Boost E-Waste Recovery Efficiency & Yield
Learn why rotating reactors outperform static leaching in e-waste recovery by enhancing mass transfer and preventing saturation.
Why Is A Vacuum Freeze Dryer Necessary During Graphene Oxide Synthesis? Preserve Nanostructure And Prevent Agglomeration
Learn why vacuum freeze drying is essential for graphene oxide synthesis to prevent sheet stacking and ensure high dispersibility and surface area.
Why Is It Necessary To Equip Laboratory Reactors With Reflux Condensers? Ensure Valid Sulfolane Stability Data
Learn why reflux condensers and moisture absorbers are critical for sulfolane stability testing to prevent decomposition and equipment corrosion.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A 500-Mesh Sieve For Llzto Powder? Ensure Battery Safety With Precise Particle Control
Learn why a 500-mesh sieve is vital for LLZTO ceramic powder preparation to prevent short circuits and ensure electrolyte membrane integrity.
At What Stage Is A Double Roll Crusher Typically Used? Optimize Your Magnesite Mineral Preparation Process
Learn why the double roll crusher is essential for the fine crushing stage, bridging the gap between jaw crushers and final grinding mills.
Why Is R-Hebm Used For High-Entropy Carbides? Produce Ultrafine Powders Via Low-Temperature In-Situ Synthesis
Learn how Reactive High-Energy Ball Milling (R-HEBM) synthesizes high-entropy ceramics without heat, preventing grain growth for ultrafine powders.
What Role Do Planetary Ball Mills And Zirconia Media Play In Llzt Preparation? Optimize Your Solid Electrolyte Research
Learn how planetary ball mills and zirconia grinding media ensure particle refinement and chemical purity for high-performance LLZT electrolytes.
Why Are Alumina Crucibles Selected As The Containment Vessels For Sintering Llzt Ceramic Electrolyte Pellets?
Learn why alumina crucibles are used for LLZT sintering, including their thermal resilience, structural integrity, and chemical trade-offs.
What Is The Role Of A Hydraulic Coin Cell Crimping Machine? Optimize Latp Electrolyte Interface Performance
Learn how hydraulic coin cell crimping reduces interfacial impedance and ensures hermetic sealing for LATP solid-state battery testing.
What Role Does A Reciprocating Linear Shaker Play In Formaldehyde Extraction? Ensure Accurate Leather Sample Analysis
Learn how reciprocating linear shakers optimize formaldehyde extraction through vigorous mass transfer and consistent kinetic energy.
What Is The Primary Role Of A High-Temperature And High-Pressure Reactor In The Glycerolysis Process?
Learn how high-temperature high-pressure reactors drive glycerolysis for waste oil deacidification by preventing reactant volatilization.
How Might Pre-Treating The Substrate Benefit The Future Development Of Graphene Applications? Enhance Material Control
Discover how substrate pre-treatment optimizes graphene growth, introduces band-gaps for superconductors, and reduces structural defects in CVD.
What Are The Key Parameters For Ensuring Safe Autoclave Decontamination? Master Bio-Hazardous Waste Safety
Learn the essential parameters for autoclave decontamination: temperature, time, and thermal resistance (D, Z, and F values) for total safety.
What Is The Significance Of Using An Ultrasonic Homogenizer To Treat Cells On Ncd Films? Optimize Protein Extraction
Learn how ultrasonic homogenizers achieve complete cell lysis on Nanocrystalline Diamond films to ensure accurate protein extraction and profiling.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill For B4C–W Powders? Optimize Homogeneity & Sintering Quality
Learn how planetary ball mills ensure particle uniformity and intimate mixing for B4C–W composites, laying the foundation for successful SPS sintering.
How Does Industrial-Grade Grinding Equipment Facilitate The Recovery Of Platinum Group Metals From Secondary Resources?
Learn how precision grinding equipment liberates PGMs from catalysts and waste, maximizing surface area for efficient chemical leaching and recovery.
What Is The Function Of A Vacuum Filtration System? Enhance Photovoltaic Metal Recovery With 0.45Μm Precision
Learn how vacuum filtration and 0.45µm nitrocellulose membranes enable high-purity solid-liquid separation and protect ICP-OES equipment.
How Does The Use Of A 150 Mesh Sieve Benefit Polyimide Precursor Powders? Enhance Foam Structural Integrity
Learn how 150 mesh sieving ensures sub-100 µm particle consistency, promoting uniform nucleation and superior polyimide foam quality.
What Is The Purpose Of Using An Alumina Crucible With A Lid For G-C3N4 Synthesis? Optimize Your Nanosheet Production
Learn how alumina crucibles with lids create micro-positive pressure to facilitate 2D g-C3N4 nanosheet formation and prevent material aggregation.
Why Is A Potentiostat Or Galvanostat Indispensable For Assessing The Corrosion Resistance Of High-Entropy Alloy Coatings?
Learn why electrochemical workstations are essential for quantifying corrosion kinetics and measuring the stability of high-entropy alloy coatings.
What Unique Advantages Do Freeze Dryers Offer For Microalgae Biomass Pretreatment? Enhance Lab Extraction Efficiency
Discover how freeze drying preserves microalgae bioactivity and modifies cell structures for superior lipid and pigment extraction.
What Is The Function Of Sieving Equipment In Cualmn Alloys? Master Pore Size Precision
Learn how standard sieving equipment controls NaCl particle size to define the porous architecture and uniformity of cellular CuAlMn alloys.
Why Is A Standard Mesh Sieving System Necessary For Polyester Methanolysis? Ensure Precise Reaction Kinetics
Learn why standard mesh sieving is critical for PET powder uniformity to ensure synchronized degradation and data repeatability in methanolysis.
What Is The Function Of 3D Motion Mixing Equipment In Powder Preparation? Ensure Uniformity For Laser Cladding
Learn how 3D motion mixing eliminates density segregation in CrC-Ni powders to ensure uniform hardness and stable chemical composition.
What Is The Primary Purpose Of A Parallel 10-Fold Reactor? Boost Catalyst Aging Test Efficiency
Learn how parallel 10-fold reactors accelerate catalyst aging tests, ensure data integrity, and simulate industrial conditions with precision.
Why Are High-Pressure Digestion Tanks Essential For Photocatalysts? Optimize Synthesis With Hydrothermal Autoclaves
Discover why high-pressure digestion tanks and hydrothermal autoclaves are crucial for synthesizing high-performance metal oxide photocatalysts.
Why Is A Freeze Dryer Used For Metagenomic Analysis On Sludge? Ensure Genomic Integrity For Accurate Profiling
Learn why freeze drying is essential for metagenomic analysis on sludge, preventing DNA degradation and ensuring accurate 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
Why Use Glassy Carbon Crucibles For Geological Fusion? Ensure High-Purity Trace Zirconium Analysis Results
Discover how glassy carbon crucibles prevent contamination and offer thermal stability for accurate trace zirconium analysis in ICP-MS preparation.
Why Is A Standard Sieve Used To Screen Ground Powders Before The Hot-Pressing Sintering Of Lita2Po8? Achieve Peak Density
Learn why sieving LTPO powder is vital for eliminating pore defects and maximizing density during hot-pressing sintering of electrolyte pellets.
What Roles Do A Magnetic Stirrer And Nitrogen Protection Play In Fe3O4 Synthesis? Master Purity And Particle Size
Learn how magnetic stirring and nitrogen protection control particle size and chemical purity in Fe3O4 co-precipitation synthesis.
Why Is High-Performance Laboratory Mixing Or Ball Milling Equipment Necessary For 3D-Printed Perovskite Detectors?
Discover why high-performance mixing is essential for 3D-printed perovskite radiation detectors to ensure material homogeneity and conductivity.
Why Is A Heating Magnetic Stirrer Essential For Zno Nanoparticle Synthesis? Achieve Precision In Material Engineering
Learn how heating magnetic stirrers ensure reproducibility, uniform particle size, and stable thermal environments for ZnO nanoparticle synthesis.
What Role Does An Electrochemical Workstation Play In Tino Coating Evaluation? Quantify Biological Corrosion Protection
Discover how electrochemical workstations use OCP, EIS, and polarization curves to calculate the protection efficiency of TiNO coatings.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A Precision Laboratory Vibrating Sieve? Ensure Flawless Glass-Ceramic Powder Deposition
Learn how precision laboratory vibrating sieves eliminate impurities and ensure particle uniformity for high-performance EPD coatings.
How Does A Planetary Ball Mill Contribute To Geopolymer Synthesis? Unlock Superior Mechanical Activation
Learn how planetary ball mills activate precursor powders for geopolymer synthesis through high-energy pulverization and surface area expansion.
What Role Does A Ball Mill Play In Powder Preparation Of Copper-Based Nano-Chromium Carbide Diamond Composites?
Learn how ball milling enables homogenization, nanoparticle de-agglomeration, and grain refinement in copper-based composite preparation.
What Is The Role Of Grinding Spent Catalysts In A Ceramic Crucible? Unlock 99% Leaching Recovery Rates
Learn why grinding spent catalysts to 80 mesh is essential to maximize surface area, minimize diffusion delays, and achieve 99% leaching yields.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill? Mastering Argyrodite Solid Electrolyte Precursor Preparation
Learn how planetary ball mills drive mechanochemical reactions and atomic-scale mixing for high-performance Argyrodite solid electrolytes.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill? Mastering Fluorinated Argyrodite Electrolyte Synthesis
Learn how planetary ball mills enable atomic-level mixing and mechanochemical reactions for high-performance Li6PS5Cl solid-state electrolytes.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Preparation Of Titanium Oxycarbide Precursor Powders?
Learn how planetary ball mills provide mechanical activation and microscopic homogeneity for high-quality titanium oxycarbide precursor powders.
What Are The Primary Functions Of High-Purity Graphite Crucibles In High-Temperature Molten Salt Corrosion Tests?
Learn how high-purity graphite crucibles ensure thermal uniformity and simulate reactor dynamics in molten salt corrosion experiments.
Why Use A Planetary Ball Mill For Nzsp? Achieve High-Performance Ceramics With Sub-Micron Precision
Learn how planetary ball milling eliminates NZSP agglomerates to enhance sintering activity, density, and ionic conductivity in ceramic electrolytes.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Mechanical Ball Mill In Nzsp Synthesis? Optimize Precursor Homogeneity
Learn how mechanical ball milling ensures microscopic uniformity and maximizes reaction surface area for NZSP solid electrolyte synthesis.
What Protective Role Do Ceramic Crucibles Play? Ensure Equipment Longevity And Catalyst Purity In Synthesis
Learn how ceramic crucibles protect furnace equipment from corrosion and ensure catalyst purity during high-temperature solid-phase synthesis.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A 200-Mesh Sieve Prior To The Component Analysis Of Biomass? Enhance Purity & Protect Hplc
Learn how 200-mesh sieves protect HPLC equipment and optimize magnetic nanoparticle recovery in biomass hydrolysis liquid analysis.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Ball Mill During The Preparation Of Cucr50? Master Mechanical Alloying Efficiency
Learn how ball mills overcome insolubility in CuCr50 alloy powder through mechanical alloying, high-energy impact, and particle refinement.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Preparation Of Lifepo4? Achieve Nanoscale Precursor Mastery
Learn how planetary ball mills use high-energy forces to refine LiFePO4 precursors to the nanometer scale for superior battery performance.
Why Is Laboratory Stirring Equipment Essential In The Sol-Gel Process? Achieving Chemical Homogeneity And Stability
Learn why stirring is critical for the Sol-Gel process, ensuring uniform hydrolysis and preventing localized reactions for high-quality results.
How Does A Planetary Ball Mill Contribute To The Synthesis Of Li7La3Zr2O12 Powder? Expert Processing Guide
Learn how planetary ball mills optimize Li7La3Zr2O12 synthesis through mechanical activation, particle refinement, and microscopic homogeneity.
What Role Do Ceramic Crucibles Play In Llzo Solid-State Electrolyte Pre-Treatment? Ensure Purity & Chemical Integrity
Discover how ceramic crucibles enable the critical dehydration and drying of La2O3 and Li2CO3 for high-performance LLZO solid-state electrolytes.
Why Is A Precision Vibrating Sieve Shaker Essential For Metal Leaching Research? Optimize Your Particle Size Analysis
Learn how precision sieve shakers ensure consistent particle size fractions to accurately measure leaching kinetics in gold and copper extraction.
Why Use A Ptfe-Lined Stainless Steel Reactor For Boehmite Synthesis? Ensuring Purity In High-Pressure Environments
Learn why PTFE-lined stainless steel reactors are essential for boehmite synthesis, balancing high-pressure strength with chemical inertness.
What Are The Primary Functions Of Automated Crushing And Sieving Systems In E-Waste Recycling? Optimize Material Recovery
Learn how automated crushing and sieving systems dismantle e-waste, liberate materials, and provide essential feedstock for refining processes.
What Function Does A Sieving System Perform During Hps Powder Pretreatment? Ensure Uniform Particle Size Distribution
Learn how sieving HPS powders standardizes particle size, stabilizes stirring kinetics, and eliminates diffusion limits for better catalysis results.
What Role Does Laboratory Grinding Equipment Or Planetary Ball Mills Play In Catalyst Slurries? Precision Milling Guide
Learn how planetary ball mills achieve D50 < 15 µm for catalyst slurries, ensuring uniformity and reliable high-throughput screening data.
What Is The Function Of A Ball Mill During Llzto Precursor Mixing? Master Microscopic Homogeneity For Electrolytes
Learn how ball milling drives LLZTO solid-state electrolyte synthesis by refining particle sizes and enabling the critical cubic garnet structure.
What Is The Function Of Ultrasonic Cleaning And Dispersion Equipment During Catalyst Loading? Master Uniform Coating
Learn how ultrasonic dispersion ensures uniform copper catalyst loading on stainless steel mesh for high-quality graphene CVD growth.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Ball Mill During The Preparation Of Tib2-Sic Composite Powders? Master Mixing Quality
Learn how ball milling ensures uniform dispersion and mechanical mixing in TiB2-SiC composite powders for superior microstructural consistency.
How Does A Recirculating Cooling System Or Thermostatic Water Bath Affect The Results Of The Copper Anodic Oxidation?
Learn how cooling systems stabilize electrolyte temperature to prevent nanostructure collapse and ensure uniform copper anodic oxidation results.
What Role Do Specialized Pressure Dies Play In Cold Sintering Multi-Layer Batteries? Ensure Flawless Device Integration
Learn how specialized pressure dies facilitate uniaxial force and chemical bonding to eliminate voids in solid-state battery lamination.
Why Are Peek Mold Sleeves And Titanium Plungers Used Together? Expert Guide For Solid-State Electrolyte Testing
Discover why PEEK and titanium are the industry standard for solid-state electrolyte pellets, balancing insulation, pressure, and chemical stability.
What Is The Role Of Standard Sieves In Gold Scrap Leaching Kinetic Studies? Ensure Precision In Particle Classification
Learn how standard sieves control liquid-solid surface area and ensure data integrity in gold scrap leaching kinetic studies for reliable results.
Why Are Specialized High-Pressure Reactors Required For Scf Pretreatment? Ensure Safety And Biomass Efficiency
Learn why specialized high-pressure reactors are critical for supercritical fluid pretreatment to ensure safety and deep biomass penetration.
What Is The Role Of A 3-Dimensional Mixer In Glass Raw Material Pretreatment? Enhance Chemical Consistency
Learn how 3-dimensional mixers use multi-axis motion to ensure spatial distribution and chemical stability in oxide glass raw material preparation.
What Is The Function Of A Ceramic Crucible With A Borosilicate Glaze? Ensure Purity In Srfeo3 Nanocrystal Synthesis
Discover how borosilicate glaze protects crucibles from corrosive molten salts and Na2O2 to ensure high-purity SrFeO3 nanocrystal synthesis.
What Role Does A High-Energy Ball Mill Play In The Synthesis Of Li3Ps4 And Na3Ps4? Master Mechanochemical Synthesis
Learn how high-energy ball milling drives mechanochemical reactions and amorphization to create high-conductivity Li3PS4 and Na3PS4 electrolytes.
What Are The Main Process Objectives Of A Dilute Acid Pretreatment Reactor In Microalgae Biorefining? Optimize Yields
Learn how dilute acid pretreatment reactors disrupt microalgae cell walls and fractionate biomass into sugars, lipids, and proteins for biorefining.
Why Are Reactors With Anchor Agitators And Heat Exchange Jackets Needed For Metal Oxide Nanopowders? Achieve Uniformity
Learn why anchor agitators and heat exchange jackets are critical for consistent reaction kinetics and high-quality nanopowder precursor synthesis.
What Is The Role Of A High-Energy Ball Mill In Ods-Hec Synthesis? Powering Mechanical Alloying & Nano-Refinement
Learn how high-energy ball mills enable mechanical alloying, supersaturated solutions, and nanoscale grain refinement for ODS-HEC powder synthesis.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Aluminum Heating Blocks Or Heating Mantles? Optimize Your Xos Preparation Precision
Discover why aluminum blocks and heating mantles are essential for XOS preparation, offering thermal uniformity and experimental flexibility.
What Key Role Does Sieving Equipment Play For Sic/Zta Ceramic Powder? Ensure Uniform Density & Defect-Free Sintering
Learn how sieving equipment removes agglomerates and improves fluidity in SiC and ZTA ceramic powders to prevent defects and ensure high density.
What Is The Function Of Laboratory Fine Grinding Equipment In Pcb Bioleaching? Unlock Maximum Metal Recovery Yield
Learn how ball and centrifugal mills optimize PCB bioleaching by maximizing surface area and liberating metals for higher recovery rates.
Why Is Powder Classification Using Standard Sieves Essential For Shs Reactions? Unlock Superior Nitriding Results
Learn how precise powder classification using standard sieves optimizes gas permeability and filtration combustion in SHS material synthesis.
What Role Does Industrial Mechanical Crushing Equipment Play In Frp Recycling? Enhance Structural Material Performance
Learn how industrial crushing transforms FRP waste into high-performance structural fillers, boosting concrete ductility and fracture toughness.
Why Is It Necessary To Perform Sieving With Standard Grading Sieves Before Conducting Thermal Analysis On Flax Straw?
Learn why sieving flax straw with standard grading sieves is essential for accurate TGA results and eliminating thermal lag in biomass analysis.
What Is The Role Of A Planetary Ball Mill In The Synthesis Of Li3Ps4-Lii? Mastering Mechanochemical Reactions
Learn how planetary ball mills drive mechanochemical synthesis of Li3PS4-LiI electrolytes through high-energy impacts and amorphization.
What Is The Role Of A Precision Sieving System In Ag3Po4 Preparation? Optimize Phosphate Extraction Efficiency
Learn how precision sieving systems standardize particle size to control reaction kinetics and maximize Ag3PO4 yield from phosphate rock.
What Is The Role Of A Laboratory Coin Cell Crimping Machine? Precision Sealing For Solid-State Battery Success
Learn how laboratory coin cell crimpers create hermetic seals and apply critical stack pressure to optimize solid-state battery performance.
What Is The Function Of An Agate Mortar And Pestle In Sodium Battery Preparation? Ensure Contaminant-Free Mixing
Learn how Agate Mortar and Pestle sets ensure chemical purity and establish ion transport channels in all-solid-state sodium battery research.
What Are The Technical Characteristics Of A Rotational Ellipsoidal Cavity (Rec) Reactor? Optimize Diamond Growth
Learn how the REC reactor's ellipsoidal cavity and quartz bell jar create stable, high-density plasma for high-quality diamond synthesis.
What Are The Advantages Of A Laboratory Glass Reactor With Baffles? Optimize Hydrogen Sulfide Generation & Mixing
Discover how baffles in laboratory glass reactors eliminate vortices and ensure uniform suspension for accurate gas generation experiments.
How Does A Magnetic Stirrer Contribute To The Degradation Efficiency? Maximize Your Electrochemical Reactions
Learn how magnetic stirrers enhance electrochemical degradation by overcoming mass transfer limits and thinning the diffusion layer for faster results.
What Is The Function Of Freeze-Thaw Equipment In Au-(Pnipaam/Pva) Hydrogel? Achieve High-Speed Photothermal Actuation
Learn how freeze-thaw equipment creates physical cross-linking and porous architectures in Au-(PNiPAAm/PVA) hydrogels for superior lab performance.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Graphite Crucible? Maximize Purity And Thermal Stability In Magnesium Reduction
Discover why graphite crucibles are essential for vacuum carbothermic magnesium reduction, offering superior heat resistance and material purity.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Graphite Regeneration? Enhance Recycled Battery Capacity
Discover how planetary ball mills restore graphite structure and boost discharge capacity during lithium-ion battery recycling processes.
How Are Laboratory Constant-Temperature Drying Ovens And Ceramic Crucibles Utilized In Biomass Quantification?
Learn how to use drying ovens and ceramic crucibles for precise gravimetric biomass analysis and dry cell weight (DCW) calculation.
What Is The Primary Reason For Using An Fep Reaction Vessel For Fg? Ensure Purity & Chemical Inertness
Learn why FEP reaction vessels are essential for synthesis of Fluorinated Reduced Graphene Oxide, offering superior chemical resistance and purity.
Why Is A High-Energy Ultrasonic Homogenizer Required For H-Bn? Unlock Superior Nanosheet Dispersion And Modification
Learn why high-energy ultrasonic cavitation is essential for de-agglomerating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) to enable uniform chemical modification.
What Critical Role Does High-Energy Ball Milling Equipment Play In The Fabrication Of Al6061/B4C Composites?
Discover how high-energy ball milling ensures uniform dispersion and structural integrity in Al6061/B4C composites through mechanical alloying.
Why Are Cooling Systems Required For Expansion Vessels? Ensure Product Integrity In Hydrothermal Reactions
Learn how cooling systems in hydrothermal expansion vessels trigger condensation, optimize material recovery, and prevent thermal degradation.
What Role Does A Constant Temperature Heating Magnetic Stirrer Play In Mfc-Hap Synthesis? Achieve Material Homogeneity
Learn how heating magnetic stirrers control reaction kinetics and crystal nucleation to create high-performance MFC-HAp nanocomposites.
What Is The Function Of A High-Energy Planetary Ball Mill In The Synthesis Of Sodium-Based Oxysulfide Glass? Expert Guide
Learn how high-energy planetary ball mills drive mechanochemical synthesis and amorphization of sodium-based oxysulfide solid-state electrolytes.
What Is The Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Lslbo Synthesis? Master High-Performance Ceramic Electrolyte Production
Discover how planetary ball mills enable low-temperature synthesis and phase purity in LSLBO ceramic electrolytes through mechanical activation.
How Do Mechanical Crushing And Sieving Systems Work For High-Entropy Alloy? Optimize Your Alloy Powder Production
Learn how crushing and sieving systems synchronize to produce high-density, uniform high-entropy alloy powders under 300 μm for advanced alloying.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Planetary Ball Mill In Ods Steel Powder Preparation? Mechanical Alloying Dynamics
Learn how planetary ball mills use mechanical alloying to embed nano-oxides into ODS steel powders for superior high-temperature material performance.
What Is The Purpose Of A Cooling Circulation Water Bath System In Electrochemical Experiments? Enhance Lab Precision
Learn how cooling circulation systems maintain thermal stability, protect reactor components, and ensure data reproducibility in electrochemistry.
How Does Ultrasonic Dispersion Equipment Assist In Substrate Pretreatment? Master Diamond Thin Film Nucleation
Learn how ultrasonic dispersion creates high-density nucleation sites for CVD diamond thin film deposition via the cavitation effect.