Faqs - Custom Ptfe Teflon Parts Manufacturer For Acid And Alkali Resistant Chemical Powder Material Scoops

Why Must High-Quality Acid-Resistant Leaching Containers Be Used? Ensure Data Accuracy In 360-Hour Experiments
Discover why PTFE containers are essential for long-cycle leaching experiments to prevent contamination and ensure structural integrity.
Why Is Ptfe Mandatory For Hydrofluoric Acid (Hf) Handling? Ensure Safety And Data Integrity In Corrosion Testing
Learn why PTFE containers are essential for Hydrofluoric Acid. Prevent glass corrosion, hazardous leaks, and media contamination in your lab.
Why Is A High-Pressure Reactor With A Ptfe Liner Essential For Koh Pretreatment Of Cattle Manure? Ensure Lab Safety.
Learn why PTFE-lined high-pressure reactors are critical for safe cattle manure KOH pretreatment, preventing corrosion and sample contamination.
What Are The Design Purposes Of The Stainless Steel Reactor And The Fluoroplastic Lid? Ensure High-Purity Electrolysis
Learn how the stainless steel reactor and fluoroplastic lid work together to prevent contamination in fluoride salt electrolytic purification.
Why Is A Ptfe-Lined High-Pressure Reactor Used For Hematite Synthesis? Ensuring Purity And Corrosion Resistance
Learn why PTFE liners are essential for hydrothermal synthesis: protecting reactors from acidic slurries and ensuring hematite-resin purity.
Why Is A Polytetrafluoroethylene (Ptfe) Test Cell Necessary For Corrosion Testing In Simulated Body Fluids?
Learn why PTFE cells are essential for medical corrosion testing, offering chemical inertness and insulation to ensure accurate experimental data.
What Maintenance Is Required For The Electrodes Used With An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Expert Care Guide
Learn the essential maintenance protocols for all-PTFE electrolytic cell electrodes, including cleaning, inspection, and replacement strategies.
What Is The Role Of A Teflon-Lined High-Pressure Reactor In The Hydrothermal Synthesis Of Wo3? Essential Lab Insights
Learn how Teflon-lined reactors enable the synthesis of high-purity tungsten oxide nanostructures through precise pressure and corrosion control.
What Is The Primary Role Of A Ptfe-Lined High-Pressure Reactor? Master Precise Solvothermal Synthesis
Learn how PTFE-lined high-pressure reactors enable solvothermal synthesis of rare earth pyrochlores through precise temperature and pressure control.
Why Are Ptfe Membrane Filters Selected For Rice Husk Fractionation? Ensuring Purity In Harsh Separation Stages
Discover why PTFE membrane filters are essential for rice husk fractionation, offering unmatched chemical resistance and solvent stability.
What Role Does A Ptfe Multi-Port Manifold Play In Electrochemical Measurements? Ensure Precision In Nitric Acid.
Discover how PTFE multi-port manifolds protect electrochemical cells from nitric acid corrosion while ensuring precise electrode positioning.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Ptfe Electrochemical Cell In Actinide Research? Ensure Precise Corrosion Data
Discover why PTFE electrochemical cells are essential for actinide research, offering unmatched chemical resistance and electrical insulation.
How Does A Stainless Steel High-Pressure Reactor With A Ptfe Liner Aid Mg-2Ag Coating? Enhance Hydrothermal Purity
Learn how stainless steel high-pressure reactors with PTFE liners enable dense, pure magnesium hydroxide coating synthesis on Mg-2Ag alloys.
Why Is A High-Pressure Reactor With A Ptfe Liner Selected For Nanobrushes? Optimize Your Nano-Surface Fabrication
Learn why PTFE-lined high-pressure reactors are essential for growing nanobrushes, ensuring chemical purity and resistance against alkaline corrosion.
Why Is Ptfe The Lining Material For Hydrothermal Reactors? Ensure Purity In Magnéli Phase Synthesis
Discover why PTFE is essential for high-pressure hydrothermal reactors, offering corrosion resistance and purity for Magnéli phase synthesis.
Why Are High-Pressure Corrosion-Resistant Reactors Required For The Dilute Acid Pretreatment Of Perennial Grasses?
Learn why specialized reactors are essential for perennial grass pretreatment, managing high temperatures, pressure, and acid corrosion effectively.
What Is The Necessity Of Ptfe In Air Cathode Formulations? Optimize Stability And Efficiency
Learn how PTFE acts as a binder and hydrophobic agent in air cathodes to prevent flooding and ensure stable oxygen reduction reactions.
What Is The Function Of A Teflon-Lined Stainless Steel Autoclave In Rgo/Tio2 Synthesis? Key Role In Nanocomposites
Learn how Teflon-lined autoclaves enable pure rGO/TiO2 synthesis through high-pressure hydrothermal environments and corrosion-resistant liners.
Why Are Glass Reactors Or Ptfe-Lined Autoclaves Preferred For Formic Acid? Ensure Data Accuracy And Chemical Resistance
Learn why glass and PTFE are essential for formic acid systems to prevent metal ion leaching and ensure high-precision catalytic results.
What Specific Reaction Conditions Does A Ptfe-Lined Autoclave Provide For Nvp/C Synthesis? Optimize Battery Cathodes
Learn how PTFE-lined autoclaves provide the 190°C hydrothermal environment and high pressure needed for high-purity NVP/C cathode material synthesis.
Why Is A Teflon-Lined High-Pressure Autoclave Required For Mo-Ti-N Catalyst Synthesis? Ensure Purity And Precision
Learn why Teflon-lined autoclaves are vital for Mo-Ti-N synthesis, providing corrosion resistance and high-pressure hydrothermal conditions.
Why Is The Use Of A Corrosion-Resistant Reactor Essential For The Acid Pretreatment Of Lignocellulosic Materials?
Learn why corrosion-resistant reactors are vital for acid pretreatment to prevent equipment failure, ensure safety, and stop metal ion leaching.
What Are The Key Considerations When Selecting Structural Refractory Materials? Optimize Your High-Pressure Reactor
Expert guide on selecting refractory materials for chemical reactors, focusing on thermal stability, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength.
Why Is A Teflon-Lined Autoclave Required For Soms Conversion? Ensure Pure Na2Nb2O6·H2O Nanorod Synthesis
Learn how Teflon-lined autoclaves prevent corrosion and ion leaching to ensure chemical purity during SOMS solvothermal conversion at 200°C.
What Is A Thin Film In Physical Optics? Master Light Manipulation For Your Applications
Discover how thin films control light via interference. Learn key principles, applications, and how to choose the right coating for your needs.
Why Is A Ptfe Plate Selected As The Casting Substrate For Solid Polymer Electrolytes? Ensure Damage-Free Release
Learn why PTFE plates are essential for solution casting, offering low surface energy and chemical stability for uniform electrolyte membranes.
Why Use High-Quality Ptfe Containers For Co2 Reduction Electrolytes? Eliminate Silicon Contamination And Ensure Data.
Learn why PTFE containers are essential for CO2 reduction experiments to prevent silicon leaching and protect catalyst integrity from corrosion.
What Is The Function Of Ptfe In A Gas Diffusion Electrode? Mastering Co2 Electrolyzer Stability
Discover how PTFE regulates wettability and prevents electrode flooding to maintain the triple-phase interface in CO2 electrolyzers.
What Should Be Considered When Selecting An Electrolyte For An All-Ptfe Cell? Expert Tips For Peak Performance
Learn how to select the right electrolyte for all-PTFE electrolytic cells by balancing ionic conductivity, chemical stability, and compatibility.
What Advantages Do Ptfe Molds Offer For Composite Polymer Electrolyte Casting? Ensure Defect-Free Membrane Fabrication
Discover why PTFE molds are essential for casting electrolyte membranes, offering low surface energy, chemical inertness, and damage-free peeling.
What Inspection Steps Should Be Performed On An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell Before Use? Ensure Reliable Results
Learn the essential pre-use inspection steps for PTFE electrolytic cells, covering structural integrity, surface quality, and leak prevention.
What Are The Advantages Of Using High-Purity Ptfe Beakers Or Teflon-Lined Autoclaves? Enhance Purity And Yield
Discover how PTFE beakers and Teflon-lined autoclaves ensure chemical integrity, prevent contamination, and maximize yield in polymer synthesis.
What Are The Roles Of Polytetrafluoroethylene (Ptfe) Compression Tube Fittings? Ensure Precision & Signal Integrity
Learn how PTFE compression fittings provide essential hermetic sealing and electrical isolation for oxygen sensors and electrochemical electrodes.
What Are The Functions Of A Stainless Steel Autoclave With Ptfe Liner In Glycerol Etherification? Maximize Purity & Safety
Learn how the combination of a stainless steel shell and PTFE liner handles pressure and acidic corrosion in glycerol etherification research.
What Are The Specific Functions Of A Ptfe Lid In An Operando Electrochemical Cell? Ensure Data Integrity And Stability
Discover why PTFE lids are essential for operando electrochemical cells, offering chemical inertness, electrical insulation, and secure sealing.
Why Must The Window Material Of An In-Situ Cell Be Replaced With Pctfe For Neutron Imaging? Achieve Superior Signal Clarity
Learn why PCTFE is essential for neutron imaging in electrochemical cells to eliminate hydrogen interference and ensure high-contrast results.
Why Is A Teflon-Lined Autoclave Necessary For The Hydrothermal Treatment Of Porous Tio2 Nanomaterials? Expert Insights
Learn why Teflon-lined autoclaves are critical for TiO2 synthesis, offering corrosion resistance, high-pressure control, and material purity.
What Is The Mechanical Function Of Serrated Ptfe Gaskets In Crevice Corrosion Tests? Precision In Material Simulation
Learn how serrated PTFE gaskets create geometrically constant micro-crevices to test alloy resistance and simulate stagnant joint conditions.
Why Are High-Purity Ptfe Or Pfa Digestion Vessels Required During The Digestion Of Nuclear Fuel Materials?
Discover why high-purity PTFE and PFA vessels are essential for nuclear fuel digestion, offering chemical stability and ultra-low contamination.
What Function Do Ptfe Baskets Serve In Underground Hydrogen Storage? Ensure Chemical Purity In Geochemical Experiments
Learn how PTFE baskets preserve chemical integrity and simulate the water-gas interface in high-pressure hydrogen storage research.
Why Is High-Temperature Sealant Used To Seal Alumina Crucibles? Achieve Flawless Alumina Coating Results
Learn why high-temperature sealant is essential for alumina crucibles to prevent oxidation and ensure uniform aluminizing in your lab.
How Does A 0.45 Μm Ptfe Syringe Filter Protect Analytical Equipment? Shield Your Hplc From Biomass Contaminants
Learn how 0.45 µm PTFE syringe filters protect HPLC systems by removing particulate threats from biomass hydrolysates to ensure data accuracy.
What Are The Benefits Of Using Chemically Inert Reaction Vessels? Optimize Graphene Oxide Functionalization
Learn how PTFE-lined autoclaves ensure high-purity Graphene Oxide (GO) modification by preventing corrosion and metal ion leaching.
What Is A Sintered Metal? A Guide To High-Strength, Complex Metal Parts
Discover sintered metals: parts made by fusing metal powder. Learn the sintering process, advantages like complex shapes and cost savings, and key limitations.
What Is Sputter Damage? A Guide To Protecting Sensitive Materials During Thin-Film Deposition
Learn what sputter damage is, how it occurs during PVD, and strategies to prevent it when coating sensitive optoelectronic devices and organic materials.
Why Is It Necessary To Use A Ptfe Liner For Acid Leaching? Ensure Safety And Purity In High-Temp Extraction
Learn why PTFE liners are essential for acid leaching alkaline fusion products to prevent corrosion and ensure sample purity at high temperatures.
Why Use 0.25 Μm Ptfe Filters After Centrifugation? Master Clarification For High-Turbidity Samples
Learn why 0.25 μm PTFE syringe filters and centrifugation are essential for clarifying high-turbidity samples while ensuring chemical integrity.
Why Are High-Precision, Corrosion-Resistant Reactors Required For The Acid Extraction Step In Indirect Carbonation?
Discover why acid extraction in mineral carbonation requires high-precision, corrosion-resistant reactors to ensure safety and process efficiency.
What Are The Different Construction Methods Used For Building Induction Furnace Linings? Expert Guide To Furnace Longevity
Explore the three primary induction furnace lining methods: masonry, out-of-furnace molding, and in-furnace forming to optimize your lab production.
What Are The Primary Functions Of An Induction Furnace Lining? Essential Safety & Efficiency Roles In Metal Melting
Learn how induction furnace linings provide physical containment, thermal isolation, and critical protection for induction coils and furnace bodies.
What Is The Primary Purpose Of Coating The Gdl With Ptfe In Hcl Electrolysis? Enhance Gas Diffusion & Prevent Flooding
Learn how PTFE coating on carbon cloth regulates hydrophobicity and prevents catalyst flooding to optimize performance in HCl electrolysis.
Why Is A High-Purity Cobalt Plate Necessary For Co-Mo-Zr Coatings? Ensure Superior Ternary Alloy Electrodeposition
Learn why high-purity cobalt anodes are critical for Co-Mo-Zr coatings to maintain ion balance, prevent depletion, and ensure coating uniformity.
Why Is A Ptfe-Lined Hydrothermal Autoclave Required For The Preparation Of Pt/Nb-Tio2 Electrocatalysts?
Learn why PTFE liners are essential for Pt/Nb-TiO2 synthesis, ensuring chemical purity and uniform platinum nanoparticle distribution.
What Is The Primary Function Of Ptfe Magnetic Rotating Disks In Tribocatalysis? Harness Energy For Dye Degradation
Learn how PTFE magnetic rotating disks convert mechanical energy into chemical potential to drive the tribocatalytic degradation of organic dyes.
Why Must High-Grade Corrosion-Resistant Reaction Vessels Be Used During The Strong Acid Pretreatment Of Biomass?
Learn why high-grade corrosion-resistant vessels are essential for acid pretreatment to ensure safety, prevent contamination, and extend equipment life.
What Types Of Electrodes Are Used In The All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell System? Optimize Your Electrochemical Analysis
Learn about the three-electrode architecture—Working, Counter, and Reference—used in all-PTFE electrolytic cells for high-precision research.
How Should Refractory Raw Materials Be Prepared Before Constructing An Induction Furnace Lining? 3 Crucial Steps
Learn the essential 3-step preparation for induction furnace refractory materials: hand selection, magnetic separation, and drying above 200°C.
Why Use A Ptfe-Lined High-Pressure Reactor For Go/Zno/Nhap Coatings? Ensure Purity And Adhesion
Learn why PTFE liners are essential for GO/ZnO/nHAp composite coatings to prevent contamination and ensure deep mechanical adhesion.
What Is Sintered Metal Used For? From Auto Parts To Medical Implants
Discover the diverse applications of sintered metal, from automotive gears and filters to self-lubricating bearings and custom medical implants.
What Are The Factors That Affect Thin Film? Master The 4 Key Pillars Of Thin Film Engineering
Learn how material, substrate, deposition method, and thickness control the optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of thin films.
What Is The Function Of Polytetrafluoroethylene (Ptfe) Sleeves And Gaskets? Ensure Precise Corrosion Testing Accuracy
Learn how PTFE sleeves and gaskets prevent galvanic corrosion and ensure accurate data in stainless steel corrosion testing environments.
How Does An Ultra-Low Temperature Freezer (Ult Freezer) Ensure Data Reliability? Preserve Your Research Integrity
Learn how ULT freezers (-80°C) protect sulfate reduction research by arresting enzymatic activity and ensuring microbial community stability.
Why Are Non-Compressible Ptfe Gaskets Required For Vrfb Stacks? Optimize Battery Sealing And Electrical Performance
Learn why non-compressible PTFE gaskets are essential for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery stacks to ensure precision sealing and conductivity.
What Are The Requirements For So2 Depolarized Electrolyzer Membranes? Optimize Performance In Hybrid Sulfur Cycles
Learn the essential requirements for SO2 electrolyzer membranes, focusing on chemical stability, proton conductivity, and product separation.
What Challenges Do Refractory Lining Materials Face In Hydrogen Environments? Key Insights For Direct Reduction Furnaces
Learn why hydrogen creates unique stress for furnace linings, from chemical oxide reduction to high thermal conductivity and permeability issues.
What Are The Advantages Of High-Pressure Reactors With Ptfe Liners In Acid Leaching? Achieve Pure Lithium Recovery
Discover how PTFE liners in high-pressure reactors prevent corrosion and metallic contamination during sulfuric acid leaching of lithium minerals.
How Should Electrodes Be Handled After An Experiment With An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Post-Lab Care Guide
Learn the essential protocol for cleaning, drying, and storing electrodes after using a PTFE electrolytic cell to ensure data accuracy and longevity.
How Do Photoelectrode Semiconductor Properties Improve P-Mfc Efficiency? Boost Wastewater Treatment With Photocatalysis
Learn how semiconductor photoelectrodes generate ROS and charge carriers to break down recalcitrant pollutants in P-MFC systems.
What Role Does A High-Temperature Reactor Perform In Pyrohydrolysis? Transform Waste Into Pure Acid & Oxides
Learn how high-temperature reactors like FBRs drive thermal decomposition at 850°C to recover inorganic acids and metal oxides from liquid waste.
Why Must Reactors Used In Indirect Co2 Mineralization Processes Be Resistant To Acid Corrosion? Ensure Equipment Safety
Learn why acid-resistant reactors are critical for indirect CO2 mineralization and how PTFE or alloy linings prevent equipment failure and leaks.
What Is The Significance Of Acid Leaching Reactors In Graphite Recycling? Ensure Battery-Grade Purity And Resilience
Learn why acid leaching reactors and PTFE/ceramic consumables are vital for removing metal impurities and preventing contamination in graphite recycling.
Why Are High-Temperature Packing Seals Used Instead Of Standard Silicone O-Rings? Ensure Safety And Integrity
Learn why high-temperature packing seals are critical for sealing reaction tubes between 300°C and 600°C to prevent leaks and tube cracking.
What Is The Primary Role Of Mechanical Mixing Equipment In Cu/Wc Composites? Achieve Perfect Powder Homogeneity
Learn how mechanical mixing overcomes density differences in Cu/WC composites to ensure uniform distribution and superior material properties.
What Is The Function Of A Perfluoroalkoxy (Pfa) Reactor In Isg Alteration Kinetics? Ensure Pure Glass Research
Learn how PFA reactors prevent contamination and ensure data precision in silicate glass (ISG) alteration kinetics and dissolution research.
What Technical Characteristics Must High-Temperature Pressure-Resistant Molds Possess? Key Factors For Vacuum Hot Pressing
Learn the essential characteristics of molds for vacuum hot pressing of aluminum matrix composites, including compressive strength and thermal stability.
What Are Sintered Products Typical Uses? Creating Strong, Complex, And Specialized Components
Discover the key uses of sintered products in automotive, medical, and electronics industries for high-performance components.
What Are The Advantages Of Using High-Grade Stainless Steel For Experimental Zinc-Air Battery Cells? Ensure Precision.
Discover why high-grade stainless steel outperforms polymers in Zinc-Air battery housing, offering superior chemical resistance and data accuracy.
How Does A Conductivity Test Cell With Copper Electrodes And Ptfe Rings Facilitate The Characterization Of Fluorinated Carbon Aerogels?
Learn how copper electrodes and PTFE rings enable precise conductivity measurements for fluorinated carbon aerogels under hydraulic pressure.
How Do The Stainless Steel Shell And The Ptfe Liner Function Differently In A High-Pressure Autoclave Reactor?
Learn how the stainless steel shell provides mechanical strength while the PTFE liner ensures chemical purity in high-pressure autoclave reactors.
What Is The Function Of A Ptfe-Lined High-Pressure Reactor In Niti Alloy Leaching? Enhance Purity And Efficiency
Learn how PTFE-lined high-pressure reactors facilitate NiTi alloy leaching by providing corrosion resistance and extreme reaction conditions.
Why Is Eptfe Preferred For Co2Rr Gas Diffusion Layers? Achieve Durable Performance In Carbon Reduction
Discover why ePTFE's superior hydrophobicity and chemical stability outperform carbon-based layers in CO2RR applications.
What Are The Uses Of Desiccators And Specific Thermal Regulators? Expert Insights For Vapor-Assisted Conversion
Learn how desiccators and thermal regulators like Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate optimize chemical potential and humidity for high-quality COF films.
Are Ptc Heaters Considered Energy Efficient And Cheap To Run? Save Costs With Self-Regulating Heating Technology
Discover why PTC heaters are a cost-effective choice. Learn how self-regulating technology lowers energy bills and simplifies system maintenance.
What Are The Typical Industrial Applications For Ptc Heating Elements? Explore Efficient Point Heating Solutions
Discover why PTC heating elements are ideal for point heating in medical equipment, electronic devices, and industrial cabinets.
How Do Ptc Heaters With Perforated Surface Areas Work? Boost Efficiency With Optimized Thermal Exchange
Learn how perforated PTC heaters maximize heat transfer using fan-driven air and specialized surface geometry for rapid thermal efficiency.
What Are Some Common Materials Synthesized Using Cvd? Explore Nanostructures, Coatings, And High-Purity Films
Learn about materials synthesized via Chemical Vapor Deposition, from carbon nanotubes and graphene to industrial carbides and semiconductors.
What Is The Role Of A Teflon-Lined Autoclave In The Hydrothermal Synthesis Of Tio2 Precursors? Achieve High Purity
Learn how Teflon-lined autoclaves enable TiO2 synthesis through high-pressure containment, subcritical environments, and chemical inertness.
What Is The Significance Of Adding Polypropylene Carbonate (Ppc) As A Binder? Enhance Nickel-Alumina Structural Integrity
Learn how PPC binder overcomes friction in nickel-alumina composites to prevent cracking and improve green body density.
Why Is Peek Selected For In-Situ Electrochemical Cells In Chlor-Alkali Electrolysis? Superior Chemical Resistance.
Discover why PEEK is essential for in-situ electrochemical cells, featuring 30% NaOH resistance, 80°C stability, and superior X-ray transparency.
Why Is Polyetheretherketone (Peek) Chosen For Xas Electrochemical Cells? Ensure Chemical Inertness And Precision
Discover why PEEK is the ideal material for electrochemical cell bodies in XAS, offering chemical resistance, strength, and precision machinability.
Why Are High-Temperature And High-Pressure Reactors Required To Have Specific Material Properties? Ensure Process Safety
Learn why acid-resistant material properties are vital for high-pressure reactors during biomass hydrolysis to prevent corrosion and contamination.
What Are The Advantages Of Nickel-Based Alloy Reactors For Hi Decomposition? Ensure Durability In Acidic Environments
Learn why nickel-based alloys are essential for HI decomposition, offering superior corrosion resistance and strength at 400°C–500°C.
How Does Electrode Material Selection Impact Wastewater Treatment? Optimize Bioenergy & Cod Removal Efficiency
Learn how electrode materials like BDD and coated titanium influence oxygen overpotential, COD removal, and hydrogen energy recovery in wastewater.
What Is The Purpose Of A Gas Bubbler System For Bzy20 Ceramics? Unlocking Proton Conduction Performance
Learn how gas bubbler systems activate proton conduction in BZY20 ceramics by introducing vital moisture for oxygen vacancy reactions.
What Type Of Battery Test Fixture Is Required For Eis Composite Cathode Studies? Optimize Your Microstructure Analysis
Learn why a specialized pressurized battery test fixture with a blocking electrode configuration is essential for accurate EIS composite cathode data.
Why Is A High-Precision Constant Temperature Control System Essential For Formic Acid Catalytic Decomposition Reactors?
Learn how high-precision temperature control optimizes hydrogen yield and prevents CO poisoning in formic acid catalytic decomposition reactors.
What Are The Typical Volumes And Customization Options For An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Tailor Your Lab Research
Learn about the 10ml to 500ml standard volumes for all-PTFE electrolytic cells and explore customization for aggressive chemical environments.
What Are The Advantages Of Using High-Porosity Nickel Foam Or Nickel Mesh? Boost Your Mec Performance
Discover how the 3D porous structure of Nickel foam and mesh enhances surface area, reduces overpotential, and accelerates hydrogen production.
Why Is It Necessary To Mix Metal Powders And Diamond Particles? Achieve Homogeneity For Superior Tool Performance
Learn why thorough mixing of diamond and metal powders is critical to prevent segregation and ensure stable grinding performance in tool production.
What Is The Purpose Of Post-Deposition Heat Treatment At 700°C For Al Coatings? Enhance Oxidation Resistance
Learn how 700°C argon heat treatment creates FeAl intermetallic reservoirs to protect stainless steel from steam oxidation.