Faqs - Ptfe Electrolytic Cell Electrochemical Cell Corrosion-Resistant Sealed And Non-Sealed

What Is The Function Of Spiral-Wound Electrodes In Low-Concentration Wastewater? Maximize Your Metal Recovery Efficiency
Learn how spiral-wound electrodes overcome mass transfer limits to achieve complete metal recovery from dilute wastewater streams.
What Advantages Do Bdd Electrodes Offer In Kolbe Electrolysis? Maximize Durability And Electrochemical Efficiency
Discover why Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) electrodes outperform platinum in Kolbe electrolysis with superior corrosion resistance and wider windows.
What Are The Required Operational Steps Before Using A Titanium Electrode? Ensure Longevity And Efficiency
Learn the essential pre-operational steps for titanium electrodes, from visual inspection to precise spacing, to protect your catalytic coating.
How Do Heating Devices And Circulation Pumps Impact Pemwe Evaluation? Optimize Your Single-Cell Performance Testing
Learn how constant temperature heating and circulation pumps enhance PEMWE single-cell testing via reaction kinetics and thermal stability.
What Is The Role Of Metal Electrodes In Electrochemical-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis? Low-Temp Coating Experts
Learn how metal electrodes enable polycrystalline oxide film deposition at low temperatures (<200°C) to prevent substrate damage and save energy.
Why Is A High-Purity Graphite Rod Selected As The Eis Counter Electrode? Ensure Data Integrity And Chemical Stability
Learn why high-purity graphite rods are essential for EIS testing, offering chemical inertness and conductivity to ensure accurate research data.
What Role Does A Stainless Steel Electrode Play As A Cathode? Powering Chlorate Synthesis With Precision
Learn how stainless steel cathodes drive chlorate synthesis by generating hydroxyl ions and facilitating the critical water reduction process.
How Does An Electrochemical Anodization System Contribute To Highly Ordered 1D Tio2 Nanotube Arrays?
Learn how electrochemical anodization systems precisely sculpt TiO2 nanotubes for electronics and medical implants through controlled voltage.
What Characteristics Are Analyzed Using An Electrochemical Workstation During Eis Testing Of Solid-State Batteries?
Discover how electrochemical workstations analyze frequency response, impedance evolution, and interface stability in solid-state battery research.
Why Is A Corrosion-Resistant Stirred Reactor Necessary For Acid Leaching? Enhance Rare Earth Element Recovery
Discover why corrosion-resistant stirred reactors are vital for REE recovery from red mud, ensuring purity, safety, and optimal reaction kinetics.
What Is The Primary Function Of A High-Precision Electrochemical Workstation? Optimize Your Reactor Performance
Learn how electrochemical workstations (potentiostats) evaluate reactor performance through precise voltage control and real-time monitoring.
What Is The Purpose Of Specialized Pressure Devices In Sulfide Solid-State Batteries? Ensure Chemo-Mechanical Stability
Learn how continuous external pressure prevents interface detachment and mitigates chemo-mechanical failure in sulfide solid-state batteries.
What Is The Function Of A 2032-Type Coin Cell Case In Solid-State Battery Testing? Optimize Interfacial Connectivity
Learn how 2032 coin cell cases provide vital hermetic sealing and stack pressure to ensure reliable electrochemical testing for solid-state batteries.
Why Use A Three-Electrode System For Lpr Testing? Achieve Precision In Corrosion Measurement
Learn how a three-electrode configuration eliminates measurement errors and IR drop for accurate LPR corrosion testing.
What Is The Necessity Of A Thermostatic Reaction Vessel In Alkaline Activation? Unlock Peak Titanium-Magnesium Recovery
Learn why precise thermal control at 120°C is essential for aragonite transformation and surface cleaning in titanium-magnesium waste treatment.
What Is The Benefit Of Using A Platinized Platinum Wire As A Counter Electrode? Optimize Operando Study Precision
Discover how platinized platinum wires enhance operando studies by increasing active surface area, reducing polarization, and ensuring stability.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Platinum Electrode As A Counter Electrode? Ensure Purity In Hydrogen Charging
Discover why platinum is the gold standard for counter electrodes in acidic electrolytes, offering chemical inertness and superior conductivity.
What Is The Significance Of Acid Leaching Reactors In Graphite Recycling? Ensure Battery-Grade Purity And Resilience
Learn why acid leaching reactors and PTFE/ceramic consumables are vital for removing metal impurities and preventing contamination in graphite recycling.
What Is The Primary Function Of Gas Diffusion Electrodes (Gdes)? Boost Mass Transfer In Co2 Electrolysis
Learn how Gas Diffusion Electrodes (GDEs) overcome CO2 solubility limits via three-phase boundaries to enable high-current density electrolysis.
What System-Level Maintenance Is Important For A Proton Exchange Membrane? Ensure Longevity With Proactive System Care
Learn the key system-level maintenance strategies for PEM longevity, including operational control, environmental monitoring, and proper handling protocols.
Why Is Peek Selected As The Cylinder Material For Pellet Cell Molds? Achieve High-Pressure Stability & Data Accuracy
Learn why PEEK is essential for solid-state battery molds, offering extreme 375 MPa pressure resistance and total electrical isolation.
What Is The Role Of A High-Pressure Stainless Steel Electrochemical Reactor? Powering Co2 To Syngas Conversion
Learn how high-pressure stainless steel reactors facilitate CO2 reduction to syngas through structural integrity and catalyst activation.
What Are The Advantages Of Using An Mea Zero-Gap Electrolyzer In Co2 Electrolysis? Achieve High Industrial Efficiency
Learn how MEA zero-gap electrolyzers boost CO2 electrolysis efficiency by reducing resistance, preventing product loss, and enabling high current.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Carbon Felt As A Working Electrode In Bes? Maximize Biofilm Performance
Discover how carbon felt's high surface area and conductivity enhance microbial adhesion and electron transfer in Bioelectrochemical Systems (BES).
Why Is An Electrolytic Unit Equipped With A Graphite Anode Utilized During The Molten Salt Purification Process?
Learn how electrolytic units with graphite anodes remove nickel and metallic impurities from molten salt to ensure pure corrosion research baselines.
What Experimental Utility Does The H-Type Dual-Chamber Reactor Offer For Algae Fuel Cells? Achieve Precision Research
Learn how H-type dual-chamber reactors isolate variables, optimize microalgae strains, and provide precise electrochemical measurements in AFC R&D.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Stainless Steel Cylindrical Reactor? Maximize Photocatalytic Efficiency
Discover why stainless steel cylindrical reactors outperform open containers for pharmaceutical degradation through superior energy and chemical resistance.
What Kind Of Samples Is Used For Ftir? Analyze Solids, Liquids, And Gases With The Right Prep
Learn how to prepare solid, liquid, and gas samples for FTIR analysis. Compare KBr pellets, ATR, thin films, and gas cells for optimal results.
What Role Does A High-Pressure Reactor, Or Autoclave, Play In S-Co2 Corrosion Testing? Unlock Material Durability
Learn how high-pressure reactors simulate S-CO2 environments at 650°C and 20 MPa to evaluate material corrosion and protective coating performance.
What Is A Growth Cell And What Are Its Essential Components In The Hpht Process? Master Diamond Synthesis Core
Learn about the HPHT growth cell, the core reaction chamber where diamond seed, graphite, and metal catalysts transform into lab-grown gemstones.
What Reaction Pathway And Mechanism Are Associated With The Use Of Graphite Electrodes In Biomass Conversion?
Learn how graphite electrodes trigger the Hofer-Moest reaction and carbocation formation for advanced biomass carboxylic acid conversion.
What Roles Do Platinum Electrodes And Ag/Agcl Electrodes Play In Coating Analysis? Ensuring Precision In Testing
Learn how platinum counter electrodes and Ag/AgCl reference electrodes work together to provide accurate, interference-free coating analysis.
What Is The Significance Of Using A Platinum Electrode As A Counter Electrode? Ensure High-Purity Bi2O3-Go Synthesis
Learn why platinum electrodes are essential for Bi2O3-GO thin film synthesis, offering chemical stability and high conductivity for pure results.
What Are The Primary Advantages Of Using An Ir-Ta Metal Oxide Coating? Maximize Durability & Oxidation Efficiency
Discover how Ir-Ta coatings extend electrode lifespan, resist acid corrosion, and accelerate the mineralization of recalcitrant organic pollutants.
Why Is A High-Purity Graphite Rod Preferred As A Counter Electrode? Ensure Uncontaminated Electrochemical Analysis
Learn why high-purity graphite rods are the top choice for counter electrodes, offering chemical inertness and preventing metal ion contamination.
What Is The Significance Of Using An Ag/Agcl Reference Electrode In Hexavalent Chromium Reduction? Ensure Precision
Learn why the Ag/AgCl reference electrode is vital for stable potential control and accurate data in electrochemical Cr(VI) reduction experiments.
What Is The Significance Of Scpw Reactors For Ods Steel? Evaluate Corrosion Resistance In Fusion Environments
Discover how SCPW reactors simulate fusion environments to test high-chromium ODS steel's corrosion resistance, weight gain, and chemical stability.
Why Is Austenitic Stainless Steel Preferred For Cmc Synthesis Reactors? Ensure Durability In Corrosive Environments
Discover why austenitic stainless steel is the gold standard for CMC reactors, offering resistance to caustic alkalis and acidic reagents.
Why Is Hastelloy Selected As The Structural Material For High-Temperature Reaction Cells? Ensure High-Purity Results.
Learn why Hastelloy is crucial for high-temperature reaction cells in fission studies due to its superior corrosion resistance and data accuracy.
What Is The Role Of A High-Precision Potentiostat In Indium Electrowinning? Optimize Your Kinetic Studies Today
Learn how high-precision potentiostats and electrochemical workstations analyze kinetics, overpotentials, and electrolytes in indium electrowinning.
What Is The Significance Of Using A 2032-Type Coin Cell Configuration? Isolate Intrinsic Graphene Performance.
Learn why the 2032-type coin cell configuration is essential for abiotic testing of graphene, isolating intrinsic electrochemical properties.
Why Is A Glassy Carbon Disc Electrode An Indispensable Consumable? Ensure Reliable Catalyst Evaluation Today
Learn why glassy carbon disc electrodes are vital for catalyst testing, offering superior conductivity, chemical inertness, and a wide potential window.
What Is The Role Of Titanium Wire In Seawater Smfcs? Ensure Stability & Protect Microbial Life
Learn why titanium wire is critical for seawater-based SMFCs to prevent corrosion, ensure electron transport, and protect microbial ecosystems.
Why Is Inconel 625 Preferred For Supercritical Water Oxidation Reactors? Ensure Safety In Harsh Scwo Environments
Discover why Inconel 625 is the top choice for SCWO reactors, offering unmatched strength and corrosion resistance under extreme heat and pressure.
Why Is A Carbon Rod Typically Selected As The Counter Electrode For Acidic Electrolytes? Ensure High Chemical Inertness
Learn why carbon rods are the ideal counter electrode for acidic environments, offering corrosion resistance and preventing sample contamination.
What Role Do Electrochemical Polishing And Etching Systems Play In Revealing The Microstructure Of Duplex Steel? Unveil Dual-Phase Integrity.
Learn how electrochemical polishing and etching reveal the ferrite-austenite balance and grain morphology of duplex steel for quality analysis.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A Three-Electrode System To Study Brush-Like Polyaniline? Unlock Ph 7 Activity
Learn how a three-electrode workstation validates the electrochemical stability of brush-like polyaniline in neutral pH environments (6 to 9).
How Does A Jacketed Laboratory Reactor Maintain Process Stability? Master Thermal Control In Electrochemistry
Learn how jacketed reactors use active thermal regulation to prevent electrode passivation and ensure data accuracy during exothermic reactions.
What Function Does A Carbon Fiber Brush Electrode Serve In An Embr? Boost Cod Removal And Membrane Longevity
Learn how carbon fiber brush electrodes act as high-efficiency anodes in EMBRs to optimize bacterial growth and prevent membrane fouling.
What Is The Primary Reason For Choosing Quartz Glass As The Light Window In A Pec Reactor? Maximize Uv Transmittance
Learn why quartz glass is essential for PEC reactors, offering high UV transmittance to maximize photocatalyst activation and efficiency.
What Role Do Nickel-Plated Bipolar Plates Play In An Electrolyzer Stack? Enhance Efficiency And Durability
Discover how nickel-plated bipolar plates provide electrical connectivity, fluid management, and corrosion resistance in electrolyzer stacks.
What Is The Function Of A Photoelectrochemical Reactor Equipped With A Quartz Window? Maximize Pec Water Splitting Efficiency
Learn how quartz windows in PEC reactors prevent UV attenuation, ensuring accurate photocurrent density and hydrogen evolution in water splitting.
What Are The Benefits Of Using A Platinum Electrode In Pulse Electrodeposition? Ensure Purity And Precision For Niti
Learn how platinum electrodes eliminate contamination and ensure precise nano-silver deposition on NiTi wires via pulse electrodeposition.
What Role Does A High-Strength Steel Mold Play In The Cold Sintering Of Llto? Key To 600 Mpa Densification
Discover why high-strength steel molds are vital for LLTO cold sintering, enabling 600 MPa pressure for dense, precise composite electrolytes.
Why Are Gas Diffusion Electrodes (Gde) Critical As Cathodes? Mastering Precision In Electrochemical Monitoring
Learn how GDEs control reaction environments, suppress H2O2 interference using nitrogen, and enhance electrochemical sensing and degradation.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Dimensionally Stable Anodes (Dsa)? Enhance Reactor Efficiency And Durability
Learn how Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA) improve electrochemical reactors through corrosion resistance and reduced overpotential for organic degradation.
What Are The Functions Of A Glassy Carbon Electrode In Cv Testing Of Antioxidants? Enhance Your Redox Analysis Accuracy
Learn how glassy carbon electrodes function in CV systems to measure antioxidant strength through anodic peak potential and redox current capture.
What Is The Primary Function Of Metal Electrodes In Electrocoagulation? Optimize Your Microplastic Remediation Strategy
Learn how metal electrodes act as sacrificial anodes to release cations, neutralize microplastics, and facilitate efficient wastewater filtration.
What Are The Advantages Of Aluminum Electrodes In Microplastic Electrocoagulation? Enhance Treatment And Durability
Discover why aluminum electrodes outperform iron in electrocoagulation, offering higher COD removal and lower maintenance for water treatment.
What Are The Reasons For Selecting A Platinum Electrode As The Counter Electrode? Ensure Pure Data In Duplex Steel Tests
Learn why platinum is the standard counter electrode for duplex stainless steel testing, offering chemical inertness and superior conductivity.
What Is The Primary Function Of Polished Stainless Steel Electrodes In Eis? Isolate Bulk Resistance With Kintek
Learn how polished stainless steel blocking electrodes isolate bulk resistance and ionic conductivity in EIS testing for polymer electrolytes.
Why Are Graphite Electrodes Preferred For Electrochemical Reactions? Durable & Low-Cost Solutions For Heavy Deposits
Discover why graphite is the top choice for high-deposit electrochemical reactions, offering mechanical durability and unmatched cost-efficiency.
What Is The Primary Function Of High-Purity Graphite Electrodes In Ac Leaching? Powering Efficient Metal Recovery
Learn how high-purity graphite electrodes act as insoluble conductive media to drive AC electrochemical leaching and recover precious metals.
What Role Does A Temperature-Controlled Reactor Play In Pet Waste Degradation? Optimize Glycolysis Efficiency
Learn how temperature-controlled reactors facilitate PET glycolysis and transesterification to produce high-quality BHPT oligomers.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A Pt-Rh Thermocouple In Magnesium Experiments? Ensure Precise Vapor Collection
Learn how Platinum-Rhodium thermocouples map thermal zones to optimize magnesium vapor condensation and crystallization at 950 K.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A Sealed Laboratory Glass Reactor? Ensure Accurate Corrosion Simulation & Mic Research
Learn why sealed glass reactors are vital for anaerobic corrosion studies, SRB isolation, and maintaining precise gas saturation levels in labs.
Why Is A Platinum (Pt) Counter Electrode Necessary For 17-4 Ph Stainless Steel Analysis? Ensure Data Integrity
Learn why platinum's chemical inertness and conductivity are vital for accurate electrochemical testing of 17-4 PH stainless steel.
How Does Using A Stainless Steel Mesh Counter Electrode Improve Lsv Testing? Boost Accuracy With Higher Surface Area
Learn how Stainless Steel Mesh (SSM) improves Linear Sweep Voltammetry by increasing surface area and reducing polarization resistance in lab tests.
How Does A Platinum Electrode And Ag/Agcl Reference Electrode Monitor Aluminum Foil Leaching? Precision Redox Control
Learn how platinum and Ag/AgCl electrodes function together to monitor oxidative activity and optimize oxidant use in aluminum foil leaching.
Why Is A Sealed Stainless Steel Reactor Necessary When Performing Biomass Torrefaction Inside A Muffle Furnace?
Learn why a sealed stainless steel reactor is crucial for biomass torrefaction in muffle furnaces to prevent combustion and control atmospheres.
What Is The Role Of The Platinum Electrode In Zircaloy-2 Testing? Ensure High-Purity Electrochemical Results
Learn why high-purity Platinum is the essential counter electrode for Zircaloy-2 testing, ensuring data integrity and electrolyte purity.
What Are The Advantages Of Selecting Platinum Foil As A Counter Electrode? Ensure Precision In Ni-Cr Alloy Experiments
Discover why platinum foil is the ideal counter electrode for Ni-Cr alloy dissolution, offering unmatched chemical inertness and data reliability.
What Mechanism Does A High-Pressure Homogenizer Use For Pha Extraction? Physical Disruption For Sustainable Recovery
Learn how high-pressure homogenizers use shear, impact, and pressure drop to rupture cells for solvent-free PHA extraction at an industrial scale.
Why Is A High-Pressure Laboratory Reactor Core For Oilfield Corrosion? Simulate Deep-Sea & Reservoir Conditions
Learn why high-pressure reactors are essential for simulating oilfield formation water, replicating CO2 partial pressures, and pitting acceleration.
Why Is A Saturated Calomel Electrode (Sce) Used As A Reference Electrode In Microbial Fuel Cell Research?
Learn why the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE) is critical for stability, precision, and data comparability in microbial fuel cell (MFC) research.
What Technical Advantages Do Carbon Graphite Electrodes Offer For Electroactive Biofilms? Optimize Your Bio-Research
Explore why carbon graphite is the gold standard for electroactive biofilms, offering superior conductivity, stability, and biocompatibility.
Why Are High-Pressure Stainless Steel Laboratory Reactors Required For The Hydrothermal Liquefaction Of Waste Tires?
Learn why HTL of waste tires demands industrial-grade stainless steel reactors to withstand extreme 400°C temperatures and 30 MPa pressure.
Why Is Boron-Doped Diamond (Bdd) Selected As The Anode Material For Eo Processes? Achieve Complete Mineralization
Discover why Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) is the premier anode for electrooxidation, offering high oxygen evolution potential and complete TOC removal.
Why Is The Gas Diffusion Electrode (Gde) Essential For H2O2 Yield? Unlock Efficient Oxygen Reduction Performance
Learn how Gas Diffusion Electrodes (GDE) overcome oxygen solubility limits to boost hydrogen peroxide yield via three-phase interface stability.
How Does A Stainless Steel Conductive Rod Support Cathode Operations? Essential Tips For Ffc Electrolysis Success
Learn how stainless steel conductive rods provide mechanical support and electrical transmission in FFC electrolysis for metallic reduction.
Why Is It Necessary To Use An Ultrasonic Cell Disruptor Before Yeast Flow Cytometry? Ensure Data Accuracy
Learn how ultrasonic cell disruptors eliminate yeast cell aggregation to ensure accurate single-cell analysis in flow cytometry.
What Is The Purpose Of A Cooling Jacket In A Cstr For Cmc? Master Thermal Management In Chemical Synthesis
Learn how cooling jackets manage exothermic heat in CSTRs during CMC production to prevent degradation and ensure high product purity.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Platinum (Pt) Electrode For Zirconium Testing? Ensure High-Precision Data Integrity
Learn why Platinum electrodes are essential for testing zirconium polarization curves, offering chemical inertness and superior conductivity.
What Specific Function Do Platinum Electrodes Serve In Sc1/3Zr2(Po4)3 Carrier Verification? Confirm Charge Carriers.
Learn how platinum blocking electrodes enable the verification of carrier types in Sc1/3Zr2(PO4)3 through ion accumulation and reduction.
Why Is A Controlled Final Annealing Process Necessary When Preparing Ti/Ruo2-Iro2-Sno2 Electrodes? Key For Durability
Learn why controlled annealing is vital for Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2 electrodes to ensure crystallization, bonding, and corrosion resistance.
How Does An Ultrasonic Homogenization System Disrupt Plant Cell Structures? Boost Extraction With Acoustic Cavitation
Learn how ultrasonic homogenization uses acoustic cavitation and micro-jets to rupture plant cell walls for faster, more efficient extraction.
How Does An Electrochemical Workstation Evaluate Ti/Ta2O5–Iro2 Electrodes? Expert Performance & Stability Analysis
Learn how electrochemical workstations use LSV, CV, and Tafel analysis to quantify catalytic performance and durability of Ti/Ta2O5–IrO2 electrodes.
What Is The Primary Function Of The Ti/Ta2O5–Iro2 Electrode? Boost Acrylic Acid Degradation With Dsa Technology
Learn how Ti/Ta2O5–IrO2 electrodes function as Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA) to catalyze chlorine evolution for efficient acrylic acid removal.
What Role Does Ptfe Tape Play In The Assembly Of Rock Samples For Triaxial Experiments? Ensuring Precise Seal Integrity
Learn how PTFE tape acts as a dense soft seal in triaxial experiments to prevent fluid channeling and ensure accurate permeability data.
What Are The Specific Functions Of The Platinum Counter Electrode And The Silver/Silver Chloride Reference Electrode? Guide
Understand the roles of Pt counter and Ag/AgCl reference electrodes in decoupling current and potential for accurate electrochemical testing.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Platinum Microelectrode? Enhance Sensitivity In Asymmetric Ees Systems
Discover how Platinum microelectrodes improve EES sensitivity by stabilizing baselines and capturing subtle localized corrosion events.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Quartz Glass As The Material For An Electrocatalytic Oxidation Reactor Cell?
Discover why quartz glass is the premier material for electrocatalytic reactors, offering chemical stability and high optical transparency.
What Is The Core Role Of High-Pressure Reactors In The Hydrothermal Synthesis Of Tio2? Mastering Phase & Morphology
Learn how high-pressure reactors enable selective crystallization and phase control for high-purity TiO2 nanoparticle synthesis.
What Is The Step-By-Step Process For Polishing, Testing, And Cleaning An Electrode? A Pro Guide For Precision Results
Master electrode maintenance: a detailed guide on mechanical polishing, CV validation (≤80mV), and safe ultrasonic cleaning techniques.
What Is The Cleaning Procedure For An Electrode After It Has Passed The Quality Test? Expert Sonication Guide
Learn the precise two-stage ultrasonic cleaning protocol for electrodes, using anhydrous ethanol and deionized water to ensure surface purity.
Why Is Indium Tin Oxide (Ito) Coated Quartz Used As A Working Electrode? Unlock High-Performance Photovoltaic Testing
Learn why ITO coated quartz is the ideal working electrode for photovoltaic fabrication, balancing conductivity and transparency for efficiency.
Why Is Platinum Wire Used As A Quasi-Reference Electrode (Qre) In Dmf? Unlock Precision In Non-Aqueous Electrochemistry
Learn why platinum wire is the ideal QRE for DMF-based cells, ensuring chemical stability and precise phase analysis for Sm-Co magnet research.
What Role Does Indium Foil Play In Eis Testing Of Solid Electrolytes? Enhance Interface Contact & Data Precision
Learn how indium foil acts as a ductile blocking electrode to eliminate contact resistance and ensure precise EIS data for solid electrolytes.
What Are The Primary Physicochemical Reasons For Selecting A Carbon Electrode As The Anode In Aluminum Recovery? 5 Keys
Learn why carbon electrodes are the industry standard for aluminum recovery, offering chemical stability and high conductivity in acidic sludge.
Why Is An H-Type Reactor With A Pem Necessary For Ammonia Synthesis? Ensure Data Accuracy In Nitrogen Fixation
Learn why the H-type reactor and proton exchange membrane are critical for preventing ammonia re-oxidation and ensuring high Faradaic efficiency.