Is Heat Transfer Possible In Vacuum? Yes, And Here’s How It Works

Discover how heat travels in a vacuum through thermal radiation, and learn its applications in manufacturing and science.

What Is The Temperature Range For Heat Treatment Of Steel? Mastering The Critical Temperatures For Desired Properties

Learn the precise temperature ranges for steel heat treatment processes like annealing, hardening, and tempering, based on carbon content and critical temperatures.

Which Furnace Is Used At High Temperature? Match Your Process To The Right High-Temp Solution

Discover the best furnace for high temperatures (1400°C-1800°C). Compare batch, continuous, and vacuum furnaces for your production volume and material needs.

What Are The Benefits Of A Vacuum Furnace? Achieve Superior Material Purity And Process Control

Discover the key benefits of vacuum furnaces: prevent oxidation, ensure uniform heating, and guarantee repeatable results for high-performance materials.

What Is The Main Difference Between Soldering And Brazing? Choose The Right Metal Joining Method

Soldering vs. brazing: Key differences in temperature, strength, and applications. Learn which process is best for your project needs.

What Is A Vacuum Brazing Furnace? Achieve Flawless, High-Strength Joints For Critical Applications

Learn how vacuum brazing furnaces join materials without flux in a pure, oxygen-free environment, delivering superior strength and purity for aerospace, medical, and precision manufacturing.

What Is The Temperature Of A Vacuum Brazing Furnace? Key Metrics For Precision Joining

Understand vacuum brazing furnace temperatures: process cycles (800-1100°C) vs. maximum capability (1300-1400°C+). Learn how temperature affects quality and cleaning.

How Is A Vacuum Furnace Heated? The Science Of Clean, High-Temperature Processing

Learn how vacuum furnaces use electrical resistance heating in an inert atmosphere for precise, contamination-free thermal processing of materials.

Which Type Of Furnace Can Be Used At High Temperature? Choose The Right Tool For Your Process

Compare box, tube, vacuum, and continuous furnaces for high-temperature applications (1400°C-1800°C). Find the right furnace for your lab or production needs.

What Is The Cost Of A Vacuum Brazing Furnace? A Guide To Key Factors And Investment Strategy

Understand the key factors driving vacuum brazing furnace costs, including hot zone size, temperature control, and industry certifications like NADCAP.

What Is The Temperature Of Vacuum Brazing? Achieve Perfect Joints Without Compromising Your Materials

Learn how to select the correct vacuum brazing temperature for your filler metal and base materials to ensure strong, reliable joints and prevent damage.

Can Aluminum Be Brazed? Mastering The Oxide Layer For Strong Joints

Learn how to successfully braze aluminum by overcoming its tough oxide layer with flux or vacuum furnace techniques for high-integrity joints.

Which Type Of Brazing Is Done In A Vacuum? Achieve Clean, Strong Joints With Vacuum Brazing

Vacuum brazing is a fluxless, high-purity process for joining reactive metals like titanium and superalloys without oxidation or contamination.

What Is A Vacuum Brazing Furnace? Achieve Flawless, High-Strength Joining

Discover how vacuum brazing furnaces create superior, flux-free joints for aerospace, medical, and high-precision applications. Learn the key benefits.

What Are The Different Types Of Heat Treatment Furnaces? Choose The Right Furnace For Your Material's Success

Explore tube, atmosphere, and vacuum furnaces. Learn how each type controls the environment to achieve specific material properties like purity and surface finish.

Which Is Better Annealing And Normalising? Choose The Right Heat Treatment For Your Steel

Annealing vs. normalizing: Learn the key differences in cooling rate, cost, and final properties to select the best process for your application.

What Are The Five Basic Heat Treatment Processes Of Metals? Master Annealing, Hardening & More

Learn the 5 key metal heat treatment processes: annealing, normalizing, hardening, tempering, and case hardening. Optimize hardness, toughness, and ductility.

What Is The Process Of Brazing Heat Treatment? Achieve Strong, Clean Metal Joints

Learn the 4 phases of brazing heat treatment, from capillary action to metallurgical bonding, for joining dissimilar metals without distortion.

What Is The Difference Between Resistance Brazing And Induction Brazing? Choose The Right Method For Your Parts

Compare resistance vs. induction brazing: heat generation, speed, applications, and how to select the best process for your part geometry and production needs.

What Causes Oxidation In Heat Treatment? Control Your Furnace Atmosphere To Prevent Scale & Decarburization

Learn how oxygen, temperature, and other agents cause oxidation & decarburization in heat treatment, and discover effective prevention strategies.

What Are The Three Main Heat Treatments? Mastering Annealing, Hardening & Tempering

Learn the three main heat treatments: annealing, hardening, and tempering. Understand how they alter metal properties like hardness, toughness, and ductility.

How Does Heat Treatment Process Work? Tailor Material Properties For Your Application

Learn how controlled heating and cooling cycles alter metal properties like hardness and toughness. Master annealing, hardening, and tempering processes.

What Products Are Surface Hardening? A Guide To Processes, Agents, And Applications

Explore surface hardening processes like carburizing, nitriding, and induction hardening. Learn which agents and methods are right for your metal components.

How Does Sintering Temperature Affect Hardness? Optimize For Maximum Material Strength

Learn how sintering temperature impacts material hardness through densification and grain growth. Find the optimal temperature for peak performance.

What Are The Steps In Vacuum Brazing? Achieve Superior, Clean Metallurgical Bonds

Learn the 6 critical steps of vacuum brazing, from part preparation to cooling, for creating strong, flux-free joints in a controlled environment.

What Is The Cooling Process Of Hardening? Master The Quenching Step For Maximum Hardness

Learn about the quenching process in steel hardening: rapid cooling transforms austenite to martensite, increasing hardness and wear resistance.

What Are The Primary Functions Of A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace? Expert Guide To Advanced Composite Manufacturing

Learn how vacuum hot pressing furnaces ensure high density and chemical purity in Cu/Ti3SiC2/C/Graphene composites through heat and pressure.

How Does The Uniaxial Pressing Function Of A Vacuum Hot Press Furnace Influence The Microstructure Of Zrc-Sic Ceramics?

Discover how 20 MPa of uniaxial pressure eliminates interlaminar pores and reduces porosity to 9.3% in layered ZrC-SiC ceramics.

Which Conditions Does A Vacuum Hot-Pressing Furnace Provide For Tib2-Tin-Wc Ceramic Tools? Achieve 98.7% Density

Discover how combining 1660°C and 30 MPa in a vacuum hot-pressing furnace ensures high density and inhibits grain growth for TiB2-TiN-WC ceramics.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Vacuum Hot Pressing For Sic/Al Composites? Achieve Superior Microstructural Control

Learn how vacuum hot pressing optimizes SiC/Al composites through precise interface control, reduced oxidation, and enhanced thermal conductivity.

What Are The Primary Functions Of A Vacuum Hot-Pressing Furnace In The Preparation Of Cu-2Ni-7Sn/45 Steel Composites?

Learn how vacuum hot-pressing furnaces optimize Cu-2Ni-7Sn/45 steel composites through controlled heat, axial pressure, and oxidation prevention.

Why Must Thermal Cycling Tests For Bimetallic Composite Pipe Cross-Sections Be Performed In A Vacuum Heating Furnace?

Learn why vacuum furnaces are essential for thermal cycling tests at 900°C to prevent oxidation and ensure accurate material stress analysis.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Vacuum Brazing Furnace For Niobium Permeators? Achieve High-Integrity Hermetic Seals

Learn how vacuum brazing furnaces create oxygen-free environments to join Niobium to steel, ensuring leak-proof seals and material purity.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace Over Hip? Optimize Fiber-Foil Composite Production

Learn how vacuum hot pressing streamlines foil-fiber-foil composite manufacturing through cost reduction and superior fiber alignment vs. HIP.

What Is The Necessity Of Using Ceramic Plates To Apply Stacking Pressure In A Sandwich Configuration? | Kintek

Learn why a sandwich configuration with ceramic plates is vital for NASICON films to prevent warping and preserve chemical integrity during sintering.

What Are The Benefits Of Furnace-Cooling In Ti-Al Composites? Ensure Structural Integrity & High Flatness

Learn how furnace-cooling in vacuum hot pressing prevents warping, alleviates residual stress, and optimizes microstructure in Ti-Al composites.

What Role Does A High-Vacuum High-Temperature Furnace Play In The Solution Treatment Of Aisi 316 Stainless Steel?

Learn how high-vacuum furnaces at 1100°C optimize AISI 316 stainless steel microstructure by preventing oxidation and ensuring solute dissolution.

What Roles Do High-Temperature Furnaces And Quenching Devices Play In The 475 °C Embrittlement Of Duplex Stainless Steel?

Learn how high-temperature furnaces and quenching devices control spinodal decomposition and stabilize microstructure in duplex stainless steel.

What Critical Role Does A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace Play In Al-Sn And Graphene Nanocomposites? Achieve Near-Theoretical Density

Learn how vacuum hot pressing furnaces optimize Al-Sn/Graphene nanocomposites through controlled pressure, heat, and high-vacuum environments.

Why Is The Use Of A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace Essential For Crfemonbzr Targets? Ensure Full Density & Chemical Purity

Learn why vacuum hot pressing is critical for CrFeMoNbZr alloy targets, ensuring 1400°C sintering with 30 MPa pressure for zero porosity.

Why Use Vacuum Furnaces For Max Phase Cladding? Achieve High Purity & Superior Oxidation Resistance

Learn why vacuum induction melting and sintering are essential to prevent oxidation and ensure high-purity MAX phase cladding materials.

How Does Precision Temperature-Controlled Heating Equipment Facilitate Cu3N To Mcl Conversion? Optimize Mcl Synthesis

Learn how precision heating at 200°C enables in-situ conversion of Cu3N thin films into mixed conducting layers while preventing decomposition.

How Does The Vacuum Environment Within A Hot Pressing Furnace Protect Sicf/Ti-43Al-9V? Ensure Composite Integrity

Learn how vacuum environments prevent oxidation, remove adsorbed gases, and optimize interface bonding in SiCf/Ti-43Al-9V composite processing.

Why Is The Vacuum System Of A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace Critical For Ods Ferritic Stainless Steel Performance?

Learn how vacuum systems protect ODS steel from oxidation, ensuring stable interfacial bonding and superior material hardness during hot pressing.

Why Is A Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace Preferred For Cu/Ti3Sic2/C/Mwcnts? Achieve 93%+ Relative Density

Learn why vacuum hot pressing is essential for Cu composites: prevent oxidation, protect MWCNTs, and achieve superior density through heat and force.

Why Is High-Precision Pressure Control Essential For A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace? Key To Aluminum Nitride Sintering.

Learn why precise pressure control is vital for AlN sintering to achieve maximum material density and protect equipment from mold damage.

What Is The Temperature Range For Annealing Hardening? Master The Key To Metal Properties

Understand the distinct heat treatments of annealing and hardening, their temperature ranges, and how cooling rate determines the final metal properties.

What Role Does A Vacuum Sintering Furnace Play In 1200 °C Composite Heat Treatment? Achieve Perfect Layer Bonding

Learn how high-vacuum sintering at 1200 °C enables atomic diffusion, eliminates stress, and prevents oxidation in three-layer composite materials.

How Does Furnace Temperature Control Affect Diamond/Al-Cu Composites? Maximize Phase Control And Thermal Performance.

Learn how precise temperature control in vacuum hot pressing furnaces regulates phases, suppresses carbides, and enhances Diamond/Al-Cu composites.

What Role Does A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace Play In Ruti Alloys? Achieve High-Density Reactive Synthesis

Learn how vacuum hot pressing furnaces enable the reactive synthesis and densification of RuTi alloys while preventing Titanium oxidation.

What Is The Primary Role Of A Vacuum Hot Press Furnace? Optimize Cd2Sno4 Transparent Conductive Target Production

Learn how vacuum hot press furnaces utilize pressure-assisted sintering to produce high-density Cd2SnO4 targets with fine grain structures.

Why Is A High Vacuum Annealing Furnace Typically Used For Ni-Cr-Si Joints? Ensure Ductile And Strong Brazed Connections

Learn how high vacuum annealing eliminates brittle silicide phases in Ni-Cr-Si joints through deep diffusion and thermal precision.

How Does Inert Gas Technology Control Temperature In High-Temperature Atmosphere Vacuum Furnaces? Achieve Precise Cooling For Superior Materials

Discover how inert gas technology enables rapid, uniform cooling in vacuum furnaces for high-purity processing and superior material properties.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace? Expert Guide For Ti-22Al-25Nb Fabrication

Learn how vacuum hot pressing furnaces enable the densification of Ti-22Al-25Nb alloys by combining heat, pressure, and high-vacuum environments.

Why Is A Vacuum Hot Press Required For Plasma-Sprayed Ti-Al-V Alloy? Achieve Full Densification & Stability

Learn why vacuum hot pressing is essential for Ti-Al-V alloys to eliminate porosity, stabilize microstructures, and ensure material performance.

What Technical Advantages Does A Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace Provide? Enhance Fe-Ni/Zr2P2Wo12 Composite Density

Learn how vacuum hot pressing furnaces optimize Fe-Ni/Zr2P2WO12 composites by integrating degassing, pressing, and sintering for maximum density.

What Is The Significance Of Temperature Uniformity In Precision Aging Furnaces? Optimize T7 Aluminum Heat Treatment

Learn how temperature uniformity in T7 over-aging prevents precipitate splitting and structural failure in aluminum alloys.

What Is The Application Value Of A Vacuum Hot Press Furnace? Unlock High-Density Complex Carbide Ceramics

Discover how high-precision vacuum hot press (HP) furnaces achieve 99.8% density in carbide ceramics through pressure and vacuum control.

Why Is A High Vacuum Furnace Required For Annealing Ferritic Alloys At 1100°C? Ensure Purity And Data Integrity

Learn why a high vacuum furnace (< 2 x 10^-4 mbar) is essential to prevent oxidation and ensure valid microstructural data in ferritic alloy research.

What Are The Density Advantages Of Using Vacuum Hot-Press Equipment? Unlock 94%+ Density For Ca3Co4O9 Materials

Learn how vacuum hot-pressing increases Ca3Co4O9 density from 77% to over 94% by combining mechanical pressure with vacuum sintering technology.

How Does A Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace Facilitate Tibw/Ta15 Synthesis? Achieve 100% Dense Titanium Composites

Learn how vacuum hot pressing combines 1473K heat, 25MPa pressure, and high vacuum to synthesize and densify TiBw/TA15 composites with zero porosity.

By What Mechanism Does A Vacuum Hot Press Sintering (Hps) Furnace Achieve The Consolidation Of Nial-Al2O3 Powders?

Learn how vacuum hot press sintering uses thermal energy and axial pressure to consolidate NiAl-Al2O3 powders through plastic deformation and creep.

How Does A Vacuum Hot Press Sintering Furnace (Vhps) Produce High-Density High-Entropy Alloys? Expert Insights

Learn how VHPS achieves near-theoretical density and fine-grained microstructures in high-entropy alloys through simultaneous heat and pressure.

Why Is It Necessary To Maintain A High-Vacuum In A Hot-Pressing Furnace? Ensure Strong Cu-2Ni-7Sn To 45 Steel Bonds

Learn why a 1×10^-3 Pa vacuum is critical for bonding Cu-2Ni-7Sn to 45 steel by preventing oxidation and facilitating vital atomic diffusion.

What Is Partial Pressure In A Vacuum Furnace? Mastering Controlled Atmospheres For Superior Thermal Processing

Learn how partial pressure control in vacuum furnaces prevents material vaporization and enhances heat transfer for precise thermal processing.

What Are The Applications Of Vacuum Brazing? Achieve Strong, Clean Joints For Critical Components

Discover how vacuum brazing is used in aerospace, medical devices, and thermal systems for high-integrity, flux-free joining of complex assemblies.

What Is Vacuum Brazing Used For? Joining Critical Components With Unmatched Purity And Strength

Learn how vacuum brazing creates ultra-clean, flux-free joints for aerospace, medical, and high-performance electronics. Ideal for complex assemblies.

Why Use A Vacuum Furnace? Achieve Ultimate Purity And Precision In Heat Treatment

Discover the key benefits of vacuum furnaces: preventing oxidation, ensuring uniform heating, and achieving superior material purity for critical applications.

Is Aluminum Brazing As Strong As Welding? A Guide To Choosing The Right Joining Method

Compare aluminum brazing vs. welding for strength, heat distortion, and application suitability. Make the right choice for your project's success.

What Temperature Is Needed To Braze Aluminum? Master The Critical Thermal Window For Strong Joints

Learn the precise temperature range for aluminum brazing: above the filler alloy's melting point but below the base metal's solidus temperature.

What Is The Use Of A High Temperature Furnace? Transform Materials With Precision Heat

Discover how high-temperature furnaces are used for sintering, heat treatment, and melting to alter material properties in research and industry.

What Metals Are Capable Of Being Heat Treated? Unlock High Strength & Durability For Your Components

Learn which metals like steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys can be heat treated to enhance strength, hardness, and performance for your specific applications.

How Does Vacuum Brazing Work? Achieve Superior, Flux-Free Metal Joining

Discover how vacuum brazing creates strong, clean bonds without flux. Ideal for aerospace, medical, and high-tech applications requiring precision.

What Is The Difference Between Annealing And Quenching? Master Heat Treatment For Optimal Material Properties

Learn the key differences between annealing (slow cooling for softness) and quenching (rapid cooling for hardness) in metallurgy. Essential for material engineers.

What Is The Primary Function Of A Vacuum Arc Furnace With A Tungsten Electrode? Achieve High-Purity Alloy Melting

Learn how non-consumable tungsten electrodes in vacuum arc furnaces enable pure, high-temperature melting for complex high-entropy alloys.

What Function Does The Pressure Applied By A Vacuum Hot Press Furnace Serve? Enhance Ti-Al3Ti Composite Sintering

Learn how axial pressure in vacuum hot press furnaces drives densification and reaction kinetics for Ti-Al3Ti composite sintering.

How Does A Vacuum Hot-Pressing Furnace Manufacture High-Density Nicraly-Mo-Ag? Achieve 100% Densification

Learn how vacuum hot-pressing furnaces use 1100°C heat, 25 MPa pressure, and 10^-3 Pa vacuum to create dense, high-performance NiCrAlY-Mo-Ag composites.

What Role Does The Vacuum Hot-Press Furnace Play In C-Sic-B4C-Tib2 Synthesis? Achieve 2000°C Precision Densification

Learn how vacuum hot-press furnaces drive in-situ synthesis and densification of C-SiC-B4C-TiB2 composites through heat, pressure, and vacuum.

Why Is Maintaining A High-Vacuum Environment Necessary When Using A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace? Expert Insights

Learn why a high-vacuum environment (10⁻³ Pa) is critical for Ti-Al composite plates to prevent oxidation and ensure strong metallurgical bonding.

What Are The Functions Of Vacuum-Sealing Raw Materials In A Quartz Tube During Sulfide Electrolyte Synthesis?

Learn why vacuum-sealing in quartz tubes is vital for sulfide synthesis: preventing oxidation and managing volatile vapor pressure.

Why Is Precise Temperature Control Necessary In A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace For Sic/Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Composites?

Learn why 500-560°C precision in vacuum hot pressing is critical to prevent brittle phases and ensure full densification of SiC/Al composites.

How Does A Vacuum Hot-Pressing Furnace Facilitate The Densification And Optical Transparency Of Y3+:Caf2 Ceramics?

Learn how vacuum hot-pressing combines 30 MPa pressure and high heat to eliminate pores and achieve high optical transparency in Y3+:CaF2 ceramics.

Why Does A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace Achieve Higher Thermal Conductivity Than Sps For Diamond-Aluminum Composites?

Learn why vacuum hot pressing outperforms SPS in fabricating diamond-aluminum composites by facilitating essential interfacial diffusion.

What Role Do High-Temperature Vacuum Furnaces Play In Slm Stainless Steel? Optimize Post-Processing Performance

Discover how high-temperature vacuum and atmosphere furnaces eliminate stress and optimize microstructure in SLM-formed stainless steel components.

How Does A High-Temperature Heat Treatment Furnace Process Zirconium And Carbon Steel? Optimize Composite Performance

Learn how high-temperature annealing at 600°C restores ductility and grain structure in zirconium-carbon steel composite plates after welding.

How Does A Vacuum Hot Press Furnace Achieve The Densification Of Zrb2–Sic–Tac? Unlock Ultra-High Ceramic Density

Learn how vacuum hot pressing uses 1850°C heat and 40 MPa pressure to achieve 97.5%+ density in ZrB2–SiC–TaC composites without additives.

In What Ways Does A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace Enhance Amcs? Achieve Near-Theoretical Density And Strength

Learn how vacuum hot pressing eliminates porosity and oxidation in aluminum matrix composites to maximize hardness and density.

How Does The Resistance Heating System Of Vacuum Hot Pressing Equipment Improve The Molding Results Of Cucr50 Alloys?

Learn how resistance heating in vacuum hot pressing enhances CuCr50 alloy molding through warm pressing, plastic flow, and rapid densification.

What Are The Advantages Of Using A Vacuum Hot Press For Cucr50? Achieve Superior Density & Purity In Alloy Production

Learn how vacuum hot pressing outperforms cold pressing for CuCr50 alloy by eliminating spring-back, reducing porosity, and preventing oxidation.

What Role Does A Vacuum Hot Pressing Sintering Furnace Play? Achieve 99.6% Density In Al2O3-Ticn/Co-Ni Ceramics

Learn how vacuum hot pressing ensures 99.6% density and prevents oxidation in Al2O3-TiCN/Co-Ni composites through pressure and vacuum control.

How Does A Vacuum Hot Press (Vhp) Contribute To The Densification Of Al-Cu-Zrc Composite Materials? Key Vhp Benefits

Learn how Vacuum Hot Press (VHP) achieves near-theoretical density in Al-Cu-ZrC composites through pressure, heat, and vacuum synergy.

What Critical Process Conditions Does A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace (Vhp) Provide? Achieve 99%+ Titanium Alloy Density

Learn how vacuum hot pressing furnaces (VHP) combine heat, pressure, and vacuum to create high-density titanium alloys with fine grain structures.

Why Is A Vacuum Necessary For Hot-Pressing Tib2-Tin-Wc Composites? Ensure Chemical Purity And Material Strength

Learn why a vacuum environment is essential for sintering TiB2-TiN-WC composites to prevent oxidation and enhance mechanical properties.

What Are The Primary Functions Of A Vacuum Hot Press Furnace? Optimize Wc/Cu-Zr-Ti Composite Consolidation

Learn how vacuum hot press furnaces prevent oxidation and manage viscous flow to consolidate amorphous composite powders into dense bulk materials.

Why Is High-Precision Temperature Control At 630°C Necessary For Al-Sc Vacuum Hot Pressing? Optimize Alloy Stability

Learn why 630°C precision is vital for Al-Sc sintering: maximize atomic diffusion and phase formation while preventing melting and segregation.

What Processing Advantages Does A Vacuum Hot Press Furnace Provide? Achieve High-Density Fine-Grained Fluoride Ceramics

Discover how vacuum hot press furnaces enable full densification at lower temperatures to preserve transparency in fine-grained fluoride ceramics.

Why Is It Essential To Maintain A High Vacuum State During Hot Press Sintering? Optimize Sicp/2024Al Quality

Learn why a high vacuum is critical for SiCp/2024Al sintering: preventing oxidation, removing gases, and ensuring high-strength interfacial bonding.

What Are The Primary Functions Of A Vacuum Hot Pressing Furnace? Expert Guide To W-Ti Alloy Production

Learn how vacuum hot pressing furnaces enable W-Ti alloy production through oxidation prevention, high densification, and low-temperature sintering.

Why Is A Displacement Monitoring System Essential In A Hot Pressing Furnace? Unlock Precise W-Ti Alloy Densification

Learn how displacement monitoring in hot pressing furnaces tracks real-time densification and optimizes Tungsten-Titanium alloy microstructure.

How Does The Operating Temperature Influence The Choice Of Metal For An All-Metal Hot Zone? Expert Material Selection

Learn how to select the right metal for all-metal hot zones based on temperature: Steel (<1000°C), Molybdenum (1000-2500°C), and Tungsten (>2500°C).