What Are The Required Operational Steps Before Using A Titanium Electrode? Ensure Longevity And Efficiency
Learn the essential pre-operational steps for titanium electrodes, from visual inspection to precise spacing, to protect your catalytic coating.
What Is The Application Of A Vacuum Drying Oven In Li3Incl6 Electrode Production? Achieve Superior Ionic Conductivity
Learn how vacuum drying ovens enable in-situ formation of Li3InCl6 halide electrolytes through efficient solvent removal and hydrolysis prevention.
How Do Stainless Steel Components Function As Consumables In Assb Testing? Ensure Optimal Electrical & Mechanical Performance
Learn why stainless steel cylinders and spacers are vital current collectors and mechanical supports for all-solid-state battery testing.
What Post-Treatment Procedures Should Be Followed After Using A Gold Plate Electrode? Ensure Long-Term Accuracy & Performance
Learn the essential 4-step protocol for cleaning, drying, and storing gold electrodes to maintain sensitivity and extend lifespan after experiments.
In What Way Do Portable Laboratory Consumables Like Ptfe Sheets Define A Functional Workspace? Transform Your Lab Bench
Discover how PTFE sheets and ceramic plates act as mobile infrastructure, creating controlled, inert, and heat-resistant experimental zones.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Platinum Mesh As A Cathode For Cuox Nanowire Synthesis? Ensure Purity & Uniformity
Learn why platinum mesh is the ideal cathode for CuOx nanowire synthesis, offering electrochemical inertness and uniform electric field distribution.
What Types Of Electrodes Are Used In The All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell System? Optimize Your Electrochemical Analysis
Learn about the three-electrode architecture—Working, Counter, and Reference—used in all-PTFE electrolytic cells for high-precision research.
How Is A Vacuum Oven Utilized In The Production Process Of Lifepo4/C Battery Electrode Sheets? Ensure Safety & Longevity
Learn how vacuum drying optimizes LiFePO4/C electrode production by removing NMP and moisture while preventing oxidation and binder degradation.
What Is The Significance Of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (Eis)? Decode Kinetics & Stability In Catalysts
Learn how EIS measurements quantify resistance, visualize electron transport, and monitor interfacial stability for optimized catalyst performance.
What Function Does A Stainless Steel Cathode Serve In Pgm Recovery? Key Role In Efficient Metal Electrodeposition
Learn how stainless steel cathodes facilitate PGM recovery from ionic liquids through stable nucleation, firm deposition, and cost-effective scaling.
What Is The Purpose Of Using Vacuum-Sealed Ampoules With A Furnace For Li6Ps5Cl? Ensure Chemical Purity And Conductivity
Learn how vacuum-sealed ampoules and high-temperature furnaces prevent volatilization and ensure the stoichiometry of Li6PS5Cl electrolytes.
What Are The Specifications Of The Lead Dioxide-Titanium Oxygen Evolution Electrode? Unlock High-Power Oxidation
Explore the key specs of PbO₂-Ti anodes: titanium mesh substrate, PbO₂ coating, high OEP, and operating limits for demanding electrochemical processes.
What Are The Primary Uses Of Metallic Mesh Materials In Electrolysis Electrodes? Maximize Your Catalytic Efficiency
Learn how nickel and titanium mesh optimize electrolysis by serving as catalyst supports, enhancing current collection, and reducing bubble shielding.
How Does An Electrochemical Testing System Evaluate Mesoporous Oxide Electrodes? Precision Analysis For Battery Research
Learn how electrochemical workstations use CV and EIS to analyze storage mechanisms and kinetics in ordered mesoporous oxide battery electrodes.
Why Use A Constant Temperature Oven For Fluoride Ion Battery Testing? Ensure Precise Eis And Cv Data Integrity
Discover why thermal stability is vital for fluoride ion battery research, ensuring accurate ion transport and reaction rate measurements.
How Do You Prepare The Polishing Setup For An Electrode? Achieve A Flawless Mirror Finish For Reliable Electrochemistry
Step-by-step guide to electrode polishing setup and technique. Learn sequential polishing with alumina grits, proper motion, and cleaning to ensure accurate electrochemical data.
What Types Of Electrodes Are Used In The Electrolytic Cell? Choose The Right System For Your Lab
Learn the differences between two-electrode and three-electrode systems for electrolytic cells, including anode, cathode, working, counter, and reference electrodes.
How Should An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell Be Cleaned Before Use? Expert Protocol For Pure Electrochemical Results
Learn the professional cleaning protocol for PTFE electrolytic cells, including acid soaking, ultrasonic cleaning, and drying techniques.
Why Is Electrode Material Selection Critical For Pfas Degradation? Achieve 100% Mineralization With Bdd Technology
Learn how high oxygen evolution potential electrodes like BDD generate hydroxyl radicals to break C-F bonds and successfully mineralize PFAS.
What Is The Role Of Metal Electrodes In Electrochemical-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis? Low-Temp Coating Experts
Learn how metal electrodes enable polycrystalline oxide film deposition at low temperatures (<200°C) to prevent substrate damage and save energy.
Why Is A Vacuum Drying Oven Necessary For Li2Mnsio4/C Battery Electrodes? Ensure Stability And Performance.
Learn how vacuum drying ovens remove moisture and NMP solvents from Li2MnSiO4/C electrodes to prevent corrosion and ensure battery longevity.
Why Is A High-Purity Graphite Rod Selected As The Eis Counter Electrode? Ensure Data Integrity And Chemical Stability
Learn why high-purity graphite rods are essential for EIS testing, offering chemical inertness and conductivity to ensure accurate research data.
What Is The Necessity Of A Constant-Temperature Electrochemical Testing System? Ensure Precision In Perovskite Research
Discover why constant temperature is vital for perovskite electrodes to accurately measure diffusion coefficients and current density.
What Are The Characteristics Of The Iridium-Tantalum-Titanium Oxygen Evolution Electrode? High-Performance Anodes
Explore the features of Iridium-Tantalum-Titanium anodes, including low overpotential, high current density, and reusable titanium substrates.
Why Must A Vacuum Oven Be Used For Li2Mnsio4 Battery Cathode Sheets? Ensure Peak Performance & Stability
Learn why vacuum drying is critical for Li2MnSiO4 cathode sheets: remove moisture, eliminate NMP solvents, and prevent material oxidation.
What Roles Do Precision Pipettes And Titanium Foil Play In Catalyst Testing? Ensure Exact Loading And Signal Integrity
Learn how precision pipettes and titanium foil ensure accurate platinum loading and corrosion resistance for reliable electrocatalyst data.
What Are The Roles Of Ag/Agcl And Platinum Electrodes? Enhance Accuracy In Your Electrochemical Measurement Systems
Learn how Ag/AgCl reference electrodes provide stable baselines and Platinum counter electrodes drive current in electrochemical research.
Why Are Nickel-Based Materials Preferred For Electrodes In Alkaline Water Electrolyzers? The Economic & Technical Edge
Learn why nickel-based electrodes are the industry standard for alkaline water electrolyzers, balancing corrosion resistance and cost-efficiency.
What Maintenance Is Required For The Electrodes Used With An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Expert Care Guide
Learn the essential maintenance protocols for all-PTFE electrolytic cell electrodes, including cleaning, inspection, and replacement strategies.
What Are The Advantages Of A 3D Aluminum Mesh Anode Substrate? Boost Solid-State Battery Stability And Energy Density
Learn how 3D aluminum mesh outperforms planar foil by accommodating volume expansion and increasing material loading in all-solid-state batteries.
What Are The Features Of The Ruthenium-Iridium-Titanium Chlorine Evolution Electrode? Unlock High-Efficiency, Pure Chlorine Production
Discover the key features of Ru-Ir-Ti electrodes: low power consumption, dimensional stability, long lifespan, and pure product output for chlorine evolution.
Why Is A Controlled Final Annealing Process Necessary When Preparing Ti/Ruo2-Iro2-Sno2 Electrodes? Key For Durability
Learn why controlled annealing is vital for Ti/RuO2-IrO2-SnO2 electrodes to ensure crystallization, bonding, and corrosion resistance.
What Are The Roles Of Platinum And Ag/Agcl Electrodes In A Three-Electrode System? Master Precision Polarization Tests
Learn why Platinum and Ag/AgCl electrodes are essential in potentiodynamic polarization tests for stable potential and accurate current measurement.
Why Is A Battery Test Fixture With Pressure Control Functionality Necessary For All-Solid-State Battery Testing?
Learn why pressure-controlled fixtures are vital for all-solid-state batteries to maintain ionic pathways and manage material volume changes.
What Role Does A Ball Mill Play In The Dry Electrode Process? Engineering High-Performance Battery Materials
Learn how ball milling enables solvent-free electrode prep through mechanical activation, homogenization, and conductive network formation.
What Is The Purpose Of Using A Pt-Rh Thermocouple In Magnesium Experiments? Ensure Precise Vapor Collection
Learn how Platinum-Rhodium thermocouples map thermal zones to optimize magnesium vapor condensation and crystallization at 950 K.
What Are The Specifications Of The Ruthenium-Iridium-Titanium Chlorine Evolution Electrode? Optimize Your Chlorine Production
Learn the key specs of Ru-Ir-Ti anodes: chlorine evolution potential, current density, and coating details for efficient, durable electrolysis.
How Is An Electrode's Quality Verified After Polishing? Achieve Peak Electrochemical Performance
Learn why cyclic voltammetry is the gold standard for electrode verification and how to meet the 80mV peak separation benchmark.
What Are The Recommended Polishing Motions For An Electrode? Master Precision Surface Prep For Reliable Results
Learn the best figure-eight, linear, and circular polishing motions to achieve a pristine electrode surface and ensure accurate experimental data.
How Does A Stainless Steel Conductive Rod Support Cathode Operations? Essential Tips For Ffc Electrolysis Success
Learn how stainless steel conductive rods provide mechanical support and electrical transmission in FFC electrolysis for metallic reduction.
What Are The Advantages Of Utilizing Polytetrafluoroethylene (Ptfe) Sheets As Casting Substrates? | Kintek Solution
Learn how PTFE substrates improve composite solid-state electrolyte fabrication by preventing adhesion, tearing, and chemical contamination.
What Is The Cleaning Procedure For An Electrode After It Has Passed The Quality Test? Expert Sonication Guide
Learn the precise two-stage ultrasonic cleaning protocol for electrodes, using anhydrous ethanol and deionized water to ensure surface purity.
How Does Using A Stainless Steel Mesh Counter Electrode Improve Lsv Testing? Boost Accuracy With Higher Surface Area
Learn how Stainless Steel Mesh (SSM) improves Linear Sweep Voltammetry by increasing surface area and reducing polarization resistance in lab tests.
How Does A Vacuum Drying Oven Contribute To The Preparation Of Lnmo Battery Electrodes? Achieve Optimal Stability
Learn how vacuum drying ovens remove solvents and moisture from LNMO electrodes at 100 °C to prevent oxidation and ensure battery cycle stability.
What Is The Purity Of The Gold And Platinum Sheets Used For Experiments? Ensuring 99.99% Purity For Reliable Results
Learn why 99.99% pure gold and platinum sheets are essential for chemical inertness, stable performance, and repeatable experimental outcomes.
What Are The Roles Of Polytetrafluoroethylene (Ptfe) Compression Tube Fittings? Ensure Precision & Signal Integrity
Learn how PTFE compression fittings provide essential hermetic sealing and electrical isolation for oxygen sensors and electrochemical electrodes.
What Are The Functions Of The Ag/Agcl Reference Electrode And The Platinum Wire In (U1−Xthx)O2 Film Oxidation Studies?
Learn how Ag/AgCl reference electrodes and platinum counter electrodes enable precise oxidation mechanism analysis for (U1−xThx)O2 thin films.
How Does An Electrochemical Workstation Evaluate Ti/Ta2O5–Iro2 Electrodes? Expert Performance & Stability Analysis
Learn how electrochemical workstations use LSV, CV, and Tafel analysis to quantify catalytic performance and durability of Ti/Ta2O5–IrO2 electrodes.
What Is The Primary Function Of A Vacuum Drying Oven In Lifepo4 Cathode Preparation? Ensure High Battery Performance
Learn how vacuum and blast ovens remove NMP solvents, stabilize electrode films, and prevent oxidation during LiFePO4 battery manufacturing.
How Do The Electrolytic Cell And Its Supporting Electrode System Influence Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Array Performance?
Learn how electrolytic cell stability and electrode precision control the growth, alignment, and efficiency of TiO2 nanotube arrays.
What Is The Purpose Of Selecting Polycrystalline Disc Electrodes? Achieve Precision In Noble Metal Corrosion Research
Learn why polycrystalline disc electrodes are essential for standardized corrosion studies, offering uniform electric fields and precise data.
What Role Does A Laboratory Hydraulic Press Play In All-Solid-State Battery Electrode Evaluation? Key Roles Explained
Discover how laboratory hydraulic presses establish solid-solid contact and eliminate pores for accurate solid-state battery electrode testing.
What Are The Primary Advantages Of Ti/Ruo2 Electrodes In Fishmeal Wastewater Treatment? Maximize Toc Removal Efficiency
Discover how Ruthenium-coated Titanium anodes enhance fishmeal wastewater treatment through high catalytic activity and reduced sludge production.
Why Is Indium Tin Oxide (Ito) Coated Quartz Used As A Working Electrode? Unlock High-Performance Photovoltaic Testing
Learn why ITO coated quartz is the ideal working electrode for photovoltaic fabrication, balancing conductivity and transparency for efficiency.
How Does A Homogenizer Affect The Quality Of Electrode Slurry? Master Battery Consistency With High-Shear Mixing
Learn how homogenizers ensure electrode slurry uniformity, eliminate agglomerates, and prevent battery defects for superior Li-ion performance.
What Reaction Pathway And Mechanism Are Associated With The Use Of Graphite Electrodes In Biomass Conversion?
Learn how graphite electrodes trigger the Hofer-Moest reaction and carbocation formation for advanced biomass carboxylic acid conversion.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Dimensionally Stable Anodes (Dsa)? A Cost-Effective Platinum Alternative.
Discover how Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA) offer tunable overpotential and cost-efficiency for biomass acid conversion compared to platinum.
What Is The Function Of A Three-Electrode System In Platinum Nanoparticle Deposition? Achieve Precision Control
Learn how three-electrode systems enable precise control over platinum nanoparticle size and morphology by decoupling potential and current.
What Is The Primary Function Of Polished Stainless Steel Electrodes In Eis? Isolate Bulk Resistance With Kintek
Learn how polished stainless steel blocking electrodes isolate bulk resistance and ionic conductivity in EIS testing for polymer electrolytes.
What Role Do Titanium Electrodes Play As Cathodes In Electrooxidation? Enhance Cod Removal & System Stability
Discover how titanium cathodes provide structural stability and drive advanced processes like Electro-Fenton for efficient wastewater treatment.
Why Must Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Plates Be Treated In A Vacuum Drying Oven? Ensuring Safety And Stability
Learn why vacuum drying is critical for Li-ion battery cathode plates to prevent electrolyte decomposition and ensure electrochemical performance.
How Does A Single-Granule Electrochemical Fixture Assist In Analyzing The Performance Of Individual Granules Within A Fixed Bed? Unlock Precise Particle Insights
Learn how single-granule electrochemical fixtures isolate particles to map redox potential and current density for superior reactor optimization.
How Is A Multi-Channel Potentiostat Used In Fixed-Bed Bioelectrochemical Systems? Optimize Spatial Mapping & Control
Learn how multi-channel potentiostats enable simultaneous potential control and real-time biofilm tracking in complex fixed-bed reactor systems.
Why Are Iron Electrodes Used In Leather Wastewater Treatment? Efficient Electrocoagulation & Electro-Fenton Solutions
Learn why iron electrodes are essential for treating leather wastewater, combining physical coagulation with advanced chemical oxidation.
Why Is A Single-Chamber Electrolytic Cell Equipped With A Cooling Jacket Used? Optimize (Non-)Kolbe Electrolysis
Learn why cooling jackets are essential for (non-)Kolbe electrolysis to manage exothermic heat and ensure high-yield radical dimerization.
Why Is A Saturated Calomel Electrode (Sce) Chosen For Ods Steel Corrosion? Achieve Stable Electrochemical Benchmarking
Learn why SCE is the gold standard for ODS ferritic steel corrosion tests, providing the stable potential needed to measure Ecorr and Eb accurately.
What Is Anode In Sputtering? The Key To Stable Plasma For Thin-Film Deposition
Learn the critical role of the anode in sputtering systems: it collects electrons, maintains plasma stability, and ensures continuous thin-film deposition.
What Are The Application Areas For The Iridium-Tantalum-Titanium Oxygen Evolution Electrode? High-Performance Anodes For Demanding Processes
Discover the key applications of IrO₂-Ta₂O₅ coated titanium anodes, including electrometallurgy, wastewater treatment, and electrosynthesis for superior efficiency and durability.
Why Is The Precise Control Of Rotor Tip Speed Critical? Master Dry Coating For High-Performance Battery Materials
Learn how precise rotor tip speed control balances impact energy for uniform battery dry coating without damaging brittle host particles.
In Which Fields Is The Iridium-Tantalum-Titanium Oxygen Evolution Electrode Applied? Top 6 Industrial Uses
Discover how Ir-Ta-Ti electrodes optimize metal plating, wastewater treatment, and electrosynthesis in acidic and sulfate-based environments.
What Are The Primary Applications Of The Lead Dioxide-Titanium Oxygen Evolution Electrode? Boost Industrial Oxidation
Discover how PbO2-Ti electrodes excel in wastewater treatment, electrosynthesis, and metallurgy with high oxygen evolution potential.
What Chemical Compatibility Restrictions Apply To Active Metal Electrodes? Protect Magnesium From Acid Damage
Learn why acid cleaners destroy active metal electrodes like magnesium and how to use inert solvents or alkaline solutions for safe cleaning.
Why Is Precision Mixing And Shaping Equipment Required For Composite Cathodes In Solid-State Batteries?
Learn how precision mixing and hydraulic presses optimize the mesostructure of solid-state battery cathodes for maximum ionic conductivity.
How Can The Functional Stability And Structural Integrity Of A Glass Reference Electrode Be Maintained? Expert Guide
Learn the essential maintenance protocols for glass reference electrodes, including electrolyte replacement and safe chemical cleaning methods.
What Role Does A Tungsten Electrode Play In Monitoring Mgoh+ In Molten Salts? Expert Cyclic Voltammetry Insights
Learn how tungsten electrodes enable real-time detection of corrosive MgOH+ impurities in molten chloride salts using Cyclic Voltammetry.
How Is A Laboratory-Scale Cvd Reactor Used For Platinum-Modified Aluminide Layers? Master Precision Alloy Engineering
Learn how laboratory CVD reactors create 40μm platinum-modified aluminide layers through precise 1100°C thermochemical reactions on complex parts.
What Are The Primary Considerations For Selecting Stainless Steel 304 As An Electrode Material? Ensure Safe Water Care
Learn why Stainless Steel 304 is the ideal sacrificial anode for cooling water treatment, focusing on corrosion resistance and chlorine-free safety.
What Is The Function Of A Three-Electrode Electrochemical Cell? Enhance Precision In Alloy Passivation Research
Learn how three-electrode cells eliminate resistance errors to accurately simulate alloy passivation in concrete environments (pH 13).
Purpose Of Copper Foil In Sodium Battery Testing: Key For Measuring Coulombic Efficiency And Safety
Learn how copper foil serves as the essential substrate in sodium metal battery testing to monitor plating, stripping, and dendrite formation.
Why Are Graphite Brushes And Carbon Felt Preferred As Anode Materials For Mecs? Optimize Your Biofuel Performance
Discover why graphite brushes and carbon felt are the industry standard for MEC anodes, maximizing biofilm density and electron transfer efficiency.
What Are The Design Advantages Of A Three-Electrode Electrolytic Cell? Achieve Precision In Photoelectrolysis
Discover how three-electrode cells enhance batch photoelectrolysis with stable potential control and accurate oxidation kinetics for research.
How Does A Gas Diffusion Electrode (Gde) Test Setup Compare To A Rotating Disk Electrode (Rde)? Simulate Real Conditions
Compare GDE vs RDE for electrolyzer testing. Discover why GDE setups are superior for simulating high current density and industrial stability.
Why Are High-Precision Ptfe Molds Necessary For Solid-State Li-S Batteries? Ensure Structural Integrity & Performance
Learn why high-precision PTFE molds are essential for solid-state battery assembly, ensuring uniform pressure and preventing short circuits.
Why Is Ag Agcl Used As A Reference Electrode? For Unmatched Stability And Reliability In Electrochemical Measurements
Discover why the Ag/AgCl electrode is the industry standard for electrochemical analysis, offering stable potential, reproducibility, and safety.
What Is The Most Accurate Temperature Sensor? Why Rtds Lead In Precision And Stability
Discover why RTDs are the most accurate temperature sensors for industrial and scientific use, offering ±0.1°C accuracy, superior linearity, and long-term stability.
How Does A High-Pressure Reactor Facilitate The Polyol Method? Enhance Your Pt Nanoparticle Loading Today
Learn how heating systems and reactors enable the Polyol Method to create uniform 4nm Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanofibers.
Why Is The Potentiostatic Double Pulse Technique Utilized For Platinum Nanoparticles On Carbon Foam?
Learn how the Potentiostatic Double Pulse Technique ensures uniform platinum nanoparticle growth and superior adhesion on carbon foam substrates.
What Protective Role Do Ptfe Consumables Play With Epoxy Resin And Oxidants? Ensure Chemical Purity & Easy Demolding
Learn how PTFE consumables provide a dual-function barrier against strong oxidizers and sticky epoxy resins in lab environments.
What Advantages Does A Laboratory Three-Electrode System Offer For Agpd/C Catalysts? Prove Superior Methanol Tolerance
Discover how a three-electrode system isolates electrochemical behavior to quantify AgPd/C catalyst resistance to methanol crossover in DMFCs.
What Role Does A Pressure-Controlled Electrochemical Test Cell Play In Solid-State Battery Testing?
Learn how pressure-controlled electrochemical test cells stabilize solid-state batteries by maintaining interface integrity and reducing impedance.
What Characteristics Are Analyzed Using An Electrochemical Workstation During Eis Testing Of Solid-State Batteries?
Discover how electrochemical workstations analyze frequency response, impedance evolution, and interface stability in solid-state battery research.
What Is The Importance Of A Temperature-Controlled Heating Device? Master The Synthesis Of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives
Discover why precise thermal regulation (50–60 °C) is critical for alkaline hydrolysis to ensure high yields and prevent ring decomposition.
Why Is An Ag/Agcl Reference Electrode Preferred For Corrosion Potential In Acidic Systems? Ensure Stability And Accuracy.
Learn why Ag/AgCl reference electrodes are the gold standard for stainless steel corrosion analysis in acidic media, ensuring data stability.
How Do A Precision Thermostat And A Platinum-Rhodium Thermocouple Collaborate? Master Aacvd Thermal Stability
Learn how precision thermostats and thermocouples integrate to control phase transformation and grain growth in AACVD processes.
Why Is A Vacuum Oven Required For Lfp Cathode Sheets? Ensure Peak Battery Performance And Safety
Learn why vacuum ovens are essential for LFP cathode sheet processing to remove moisture, extract solvents, and prevent material oxidation.
What Is The Significance Of Using An Ag/Agcl Reference Electrode In Hexavalent Chromium Reduction? Ensure Precision
Learn why the Ag/AgCl reference electrode is vital for stable potential control and accurate data in electrochemical Cr(VI) reduction experiments.
How Does A Saturated Ag/Agcl Reference Electrode Ensure Accuracy In Ni-Cr Alloy Tests? Master High-Temp Precision
Learn how Ag/AgCl reference electrodes, Luggin capillaries, and thermal corrections ensure precise Ni-Cr alloy electrochemical measurements at 363 K.
How Do Rough Or Micro-Nano Structured Electrode Surfaces Improve Efficiency? Unlock Anti-Fouling Electrolysis Power
Learn how micro-nano structured electrodes prevent gas masking and organic fouling to boost (non-)Kolbe electrolysis efficiency and stability.
How Do Laboratory Hydraulic Presses And Specialized Fixtures Ensure The Accuracy Of Electrochemical Testing? (Expert Guide)
Discover how hydraulic presses and precision fixtures standardize electrode density and positioning to eliminate noise in electrochemical data.
What Advantages Do Tungsten Electrodes Provide Compared To Steel In Cgde? Superior Stability & Chemical Resistance
Learn why tungsten outperforms steel in chlorine-rich CGDE by preventing metal chloride formation and resisting extreme thermal stress.