What Role Does An Electrolytic Cell Play In The Preparation Of Modified Aluminum Anodes? Optimize Lithium Diffusion

Learn how electrolytic cells enable precise nickel deposition on aluminum anodes to ensure uniform lithium diffusion and stable alloying reactions.

How Do The Components Of A Standard Three-Electrode Electrochemical Cell Function During Hea Testing?

Learn how the working, reference, and counter electrodes function in a three-electrode cell to provide precise HEA electrochemical data.

What Role Does An Electrolytic Cell System Play In Metal Hydrogen Pre-Charging? Speed Up Material Testing With Kintek

Learn how electrolytic cells use cathodic charging for forced hydrogen injection to simulate embrittlement and test metal durability efficiently.

What Role Does A Three-Electrode Glass Electrolytic Cell Play In Irsn/Mmt Catalysts? Optimize Oer Screening Performance

Discover how three-electrode glass electrolytic cells isolate active sites and eliminate interference for precise IrSn/MMT catalyst screening.

Why Is Industrial-Grade Platinum Mesh Preferred As The Counter Electrode? Ensure Purity In Copper Deposition

Learn why platinum mesh is essential for three-electrode systems, offering chemical inertness and uniform current for high-purity copper plating.

How Should An H-Type Electrolytic Cell Be Cleaned After Use? A Step-By-Step Guide For Reliable Results

Learn the proper protocol for cleaning H-type electrolytic cells to prevent cross-contamination and ensure accurate, reproducible electrochemical data.

What Is The Correct Procedure For Disconnecting An H-Type Electrolytic Cell After An Experiment? Ensure Safety And Equipment Longevity

Learn the step-by-step shutdown procedure for H-type electrolytic cells to prevent electrical hazards, avoid equipment damage, and ensure experimental accuracy.

How Should An H-Type Electrolytic Cell Be Cleaned Before Use? Ensure Accurate Electrochemical Results

Learn the step-by-step protocol to properly clean an H-type electrolytic cell, including acid soaking and ultrasonic cleaning, for reliable electrochemical data.

What Are The Necessary Preparation Steps Before Using A Side-Window Optical Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Accurate Spectroelectrochemical Data

Learn the 4 critical steps—inspection, cleaning, assembly, and electrolyte prep—to properly prepare your optical electrolytic cell for reliable experiments.

What Types Of Electrodes Are Used In The Multifunctional Electrolytic Cell? Master The 3-Electrode System For Precision

Learn about the working, counter, and reference electrodes in a multifunctional electrolytic cell and how they enable precise electrochemical analysis.

How Should H-Type Electrolytic Cells With Glass Components Be Handled? A Guide To Safe And Long-Lasting Use

Learn the essential protocols for handling H-type glass electrolytic cells, from gentle movement and inspection to cleaning and storage, to ensure safety and accuracy.

When Is Professional Repair Needed For A Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Cell? Avoid Costly Damage And Data Loss

Learn when to seek professional repair for your electrolytic cell to ensure safety and protect your experiments from temperature, seal, or electrical failures.

What Materials Are Unsuitable For A Platinum Electrode Holder? Avoid Damaging Your Lab Equipment

Learn which materials like lithium are incompatible with platinum electrode holders to prevent alloying, contamination, and permanent damage to your equipment.

What Are The Recommended Maintenance And Care Practices For The In-Situ Raman Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Data Accuracy And Equipment Longevity

Learn essential maintenance steps for in-situ Raman electrolytic cells to prevent contamination, preserve electrodes, and ensure reliable electrochemical data.

What Materials Are The Body And Lid Of The In-Situ Raman Electrolytic Cell Made From, And What Are Their Key Design Features? Optimize For Real-Time Analysis

Learn why PEEK construction and quartz windows are key for in-situ Raman cells. Get design insights for real-time electrochemical spectroscopy.

What Are The Temperature Limitations Of An Acrylic Electrolytic Cell? Prevent Permanent Damage By Staying Below 80°C

Learn the critical 80°C thermal limit for acrylic electrolytic cells, the risks of overheating, and essential cooling and safety protocols to protect your equipment.

What Types And Sizes Of Electrodes Are Typically Configured With A Thin-Layer Spectroelectrochemical Cell? Standard Setup For Accurate Analysis

Learn about the standard three-electrode setup (Pt mesh, Ag/AgCl, Pt wire) and their precise dimensions for thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cells.

What Are The Temperature And Sterilization Limitations For The Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Material Constraints

Learn the critical temperature and sterilization limits for 5-port electrolytic cells, focusing on glass body and PTFE lid constraints to prevent damage.

What Is The Difference Between Electrolyte And Electrode Cell? Master The Fundamentals Of Electrochemical Systems

Learn the distinct roles of electrolytes (ion highways) and electrodes (reaction sites) in electrochemical cells like batteries and sensors.

What Materials Are Commonly Used For The Body Of H-Type Electrolytic Cells? Choose The Right Material For Your Experiment

Learn about the key properties of high borosilicate glass, PTFE, and quartz for H-type electrolytic cells, including chemical resistance, transparency, and thermal stability.

What Preparation Steps Are Needed Before Starting An Experiment With An H-Type Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Safe And Accurate Results

Learn the essential steps for preparing an H-type electrolytic cell, including cleaning, electrode activation, and safety protocols for reliable electrochemical experiments.

What Role Do Molten Salt Electrolyzers Play In Ammonia Synthesis? Powering The Lithium-Mediated Cycle

Learn how molten salt electrolyzers drive the lithium-mediated ammonia cycle by reducing lithium ions into reactive metal for nitrogen fixation.

What Are The Structural Characteristics And Advantages Of The All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Ultimate Chemical Inertness

Discover why all-PTFE electrolytic cells are the superior choice for harsh electrochemical environments, offering unmatched chemical stability.

What Optical Features Does The H-Type Electrolytic Cell Have? Precision Quartz Windows For Photoelectrochemistry

Learn how high-quality quartz windows in H-type electrolytic cells enable superior light transmission for advanced photoelectrochemical research.

What Is The Primary Role Of High-Precision Electrochemical Cells In Niti Alloy Testing? Ensure Biocompatibility & Safety

Learn how high-precision electrochemical cells simulate biological environments to evaluate the corrosion resistance of porous NiTi alloys.

What Is The Function Of An Electrolytic Cell In Tritium Enrichment? Boost Detection Limits In Water Analysis

Learn how specialized electrolytic cells enrich tritium concentrations by 10-15x for precise environmental water analysis and detection.

What Is The Typical Function Of The Sample Holder In An Electrochemical Experiment? It's The Active Working Electrode

Discover why the sample holder in electrochemistry acts as the working electrode, providing mechanical support and electrical connection for accurate measurements.

What Is A Critical Consideration Regarding Electrode Polarity? Avoid Catastrophic System Failure

Learn why reversing anode and cathode connections is critical. Prevent irreversible damage, incorrect function, and safety hazards in electrochemical systems.

What Regular Maintenance Is Required For An Rvc Sheet? A Guide To Preserving Electrode Performance

Learn the essential pre-use, post-use, and storage protocols for RVC sheet maintenance to ensure data accuracy and extend electrode lifespan.

How Should A Double-Layer Water-Bath Electrolytic Cell Be Operated? A Step-By-Step Guide For Reliable Results

Learn the precise setup and operation of a double-layer water-bath electrolytic cell for accurate, reproducible electrochemical experiments and data.

What Precautions Should Be Taken To Protect The Quartz Window Of The Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Accurate Spectroelectrochemical Data

Learn essential handling, cleaning, and storage protocols to protect your electrolytic cell's quartz window from damage and ensure data integrity.

What Are The Typical Specifications For The Volume And Apertures Of A Side-Window Optical Electrolytic Cell? Key Specs For Your Spectroelectrochemistry

Learn the standard volume (10ml-500ml) and aperture (6.2mm & 3.2mm) specs for side-window optical electrolytic cells to optimize your spectroelectrochemical experiments.

How Should Failures Or Malfunctions Of The H-Type Electrolytic Cell Be Handled? Expert Troubleshooting & Repair Guide

Learn how to diagnose and fix H-type electrolytic cell malfunctions, from routine cleaning to professional repair strategies.

What Regular Checks Are Necessary For The Maintenance Of The H-Type Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Experimental Precision

Learn essential maintenance for H-type electrolytic cells, from inspecting structural integrity to membrane health and electrode performance.

What Is The Correct Shutdown Procedure For An H-Type Electrolytic Cell? Essential Safety And Maintenance Guide

Learn the safe shutdown sequence for H-type electrolytic cells to prevent electrical arcing, protect equipment, and ensure data integrity.

What Are The Key Features Of An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Essential Benefits For Corrosive Electrochemistry

Explore the top features of all-PTFE electrolytic cells, including unmatched chemical resistance, electrical insulation, and thermal stability.

What Is The General Handling Advice For A Glass Electrolytic Cell? Protect Your Investment And Ensure Reliable Results

Learn the essential handling, cleaning, and storage protocols for glass electrolytic cells to prevent breakage and ensure long-term experimental integrity.

What Are The Standard Aperture Specifications For The Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Port Sizes And Customization

Learn the standard port sizes (3x Φ6.2mm, 2x Φ3.2mm) for a 5-port electrolytic cell, their functions, and when to customize for your specific lab needs.

What Are The Key Features Of The Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Cell? Precision Control For Electrochemical Experiments

Explore the five-port water bath electrolytic cell's features: precise temperature control, flexible 5-port design, Luggin capillary, and gas atmosphere management for accurate data.

What Regular Inspections Are Required For A Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Consistent Electrochemical Results

Learn the essential visual inspection protocol for a five-port water bath electrolytic cell to maintain experimental integrity and data accuracy.

What Is The Proper Way To Handle A Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Accurate And Safe Electrochemical Experiments

Learn the step-by-step protocol for handling a five-port water bath electrolytic cell to maintain accuracy, ensure safety, and extend equipment lifespan.

What Is The Typical Volume Range For A Single Chamber In An H-Type Electrolytic Cell? A Guide From 8 Ml To 1000+ Ml

Learn how to choose the right H-cell volume (8mL-1000+mL) for your electrochemistry needs, balancing cost, scale, and sensitivity.

How Should Products And Waste Be Handled After An Experiment With An H-Type Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Safety And Data Integrity

Learn the essential post-experiment protocol for H-type electrolytic cells, including safe shutdown, product handling, waste disposal, and equipment cleaning.

How Should Experimental Parameters Be Adjusted And Monitored During Operation Of An H-Type Electrolytic Cell? Master Precise Control For Reliable Results

Learn to adjust voltage/current gradually and monitor bubbles, color, and temperature for safe, effective H-type electrolytic cell operation.

How Should An H-Type Electrolytic Cell Be Connected To A Power Source? A Step-By-Step Guide For Safe, Accurate Experiments

Learn the correct procedure for connecting an H-type electrolytic cell to a power source, including polarity, safety checks, and shutdown protocols for reliable results.

What Are The Precautions For Heating Or Sterilizing An Electrolysis Cell? Avoid Damaging Sensitive Components

Learn key precautions for sterilizing electrolysis cells, including material-specific heat limits and proper cleaning sequences to prevent damage.

What Does The Auxiliary Electrode Do? Ensuring Accurate Electrochemical Measurements

Learn the role of the auxiliary electrode in a 3-electrode system: it completes the circuit to enable stable, precise electrochemical analysis.

What Is The H Type Photoelectrochemical Cell? A Guide To Isolating & Studying Light-Driven Reactions

Discover the H-type photoelectrochemical cell: a two-compartment design for separating and analyzing oxidation and reduction reactions in water splitting and CO2 reduction.

How Does A Specialized Electrolytic Cell Achieve Concentration? Boost Tritium Detection With Isotope Enrichment

Learn how electrolytic cells concentrate tritium by 10-15x using isotope separation, enabling precise Liquid Scintillation Counting analysis.

Why Is A Wall-Jet Amperometric Cell Used As The Detection Unit? High-Sensitivity Real-Time Monitoring Explained

Learn how wall-jet amperometric cells enhance online monitoring with rapid response times and superior mass transfer for dynamic concentration detection.

How Do Customized Three-Electrode Electrolytic Cell Systems Facilitate Long-Term Stability Testing For Catalysts?

Learn how customized electrolytic cells enable 1,000-hour stability testing for water electrolysis catalysts using precise galvanostatic control.

What Are The Core Functions Of Specialized Photoelectrochemical Electrolytic Cells In Her? Precision Evaluation For Lab

Learn how specialized photoelectrochemical cells with quartz windows optimize HER evaluation through precise carrier dynamics and kinetic analysis.

What Challenges Do Swagelok-Type Cell Molds Address In Nvpf Testing? Enhance Accuracy With Precise Pressure & Sealing

Learn how Swagelok-type cell molds solve contact resistance and electrolyte leakage issues to ensure reliable NVPF electrochemical testing.

What Is The Function Of A Three-Electrode System? Master Precision Film Growth For Cp Sensors

Learn how a three-electrode system controls thickness, morphology, and doping in conducting polymer sensor films for superior performance.

Why Is A Dual-Chamber H-Type Electrolytic Cell Required For Unassisted Hi Decomposition? Ensure Accurate Kinetic Data

Learn how dual-chamber H-type cells isolate reaction environments to enable accurate measurement of HI decomposition without external bias.

What Are The General Operating Procedures For A Thin-Layer Spectroelectrochemical Cell During An Experiment? Master Synchronized Data Collection

Learn the step-by-step procedure for operating a thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cell, from setup to data synchronization, to accurately correlate electrochemical and spectral data.

What Substances Should Be Avoided With Acrylic Electrolytic Cells? Protect Your Lab Equipment From Damage

Learn which chemicals, like acetone and chloroform, damage acrylic electrolytic cells and how to prevent solvent-induced cracking and crazing.

What Does Regular Maintenance Of An H-Type Electrolytic Cell Involve? A Guide To Ensuring Data Integrity

Learn the essential maintenance steps for H-type electrolytic cells to prevent leaks, ensure accurate data, and protect your electrochemical experiments.

What Are The Ideal Storage Conditions For A Side-Window Optical Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Long-Term Accuracy And Performance

Learn the essential storage protocols for side-window optical electrolytic cells to prevent contamination, degradation, and ensure experiment reproducibility.

How Does A Three-Electrode Electrolytic Cell Function During Pec Testing? Optimize Mos2 Photoanode Analysis

Understand the role of working, counter, and reference electrodes in MoS2 photoanode testing for precise photocurrent and efficiency data.

What Should Be Observed During An Experiment With The H-Type Electrolytic Cell? Key Monitoring For Precise Results

Learn to monitor bubble generation, electrolyte color, and temperature in H-type cells to ensure experiment accuracy and lab safety.

What Types Of Electrodes Are Used In An H-Type Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To The Essential Three-Electrode System

Learn about the three specialized electrodes in an H-cell: working, counter, and reference electrodes, and their critical roles in precise electrochemical analysis.

How Are The Electrodes And Ion-Exchange Membrane Installed In An H-Type Electrolytic Cell Before Use? Ensure A Leak-Free Setup For Accurate Results

Learn the step-by-step process for installing electrodes and ion-exchange membranes in H-type electrolytic cells to prevent leaks and ensure experimental accuracy.

How Are Incubators Heated? Master Temperature Control For Your Lab's Success

Learn how incubator heating systems—from elements to PID controllers—ensure precise, stable temperatures for cell culture, research, and more.

What Materials Are The Lids Of Electrolysis Cells Typically Made From? The Ptfe & Pom Composite Explained

Discover why PTFE is the standard for electrolysis cell lids, with POM used for sealed applications. Learn how material choice ensures chemical resistance and reliable sealing.

What Are The Guidelines For Sterilizing The Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Sterile, Damage-Free Lab Results

Learn the correct protocol for sterilizing electrolytic cells: autoclave glass, chemically clean PTFE, and avoid common pitfalls for reliable experiments.

What Is The Proper Procedure For Post-Experiment Cleanup And Storage Of An All-Quartz Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Longevity And Reproducibility

Learn the step-by-step protocol for cleaning and storing all-quartz electrolytic cells to prevent contamination, ensure safety, and protect your investment.

What Role Does An Electrolytic Etching Cell Play In Analyzing Swaged Cr-Ni-Ti Steel? Reveal Hidden Microstructures

Learn how electrolytic etching cells reveal shear bands, grain boundaries, and deformation markers in rotary swaged Cr-Ni-Ti stainless steel.

What Is The Common Role Of An Electrode Holder In An Electrochemical Setup? It's The Active Working Electrode

Discover why the electrode holder is the critical working electrode, the central site for electrochemical reactions and data collection in your lab setup.

What Are The Common Applications Of A Super-Sealed Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Purity For Sensitive Electrochemical Research

Explore the key uses of super-sealed electrolytic cells in battery testing, corrosion research, synthesis, and environmental monitoring for contamination-free results.

What Are The Post-Use Procedures For A Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Safety & Longevity

Learn the systematic shutdown, cleaning, and storage protocol for a 5-port water bath electrolytic cell to prevent corrosion and ensure experimental accuracy.

What Types Of Electrodes Are Typically Used In The In-Situ Raman Electrolytic Cell? Optimize Your Spectroscopic Setup

Learn about the standard three-electrode system for in-situ Raman cells, featuring platinum working and counter electrodes with Ag/AgCl reference.

What Are The Materials And Key Features Of The In-Situ Raman Electrolytic Cell? Optimize Your Spectroscopic Research

Discover why PEEK and quartz are the ideal materials for in-situ Raman electrolytic cells, ensuring chemical resistance and optical clarity.

Why Is A Constant-Temperature Three-Electrode Electrochemical Cell System Utilized In Manganese Electrodeposition?

Discover why thermal stability and three-electrode systems are critical for precision, kinetics, and morphology in manganese electrodeposition.

What Role Does The Electrolyte System Play In Ni/Al2O3 + Tio2 Pre-Coatings? Optimize Your Ti-6Al-4V Surface Treatment

Learn how electrolyte systems control nickel nucleation and nanoparticle suspension to create high-performance composite coatings on titanium alloys.

What Is The Role Of A Borosilicate Glass Electrolytic Cell With Side Tubes In Cgde? Optimize Safety And Data Accuracy

Learn how side tubes in borosilicate glass cells manage pressure and electrolyte stability for effective CGDE research.

What Is A Common Application For Proton Exchange Membranes In Laboratory Setups? Ensuring Precise Electrochemical Analysis

Learn how PEMs act as selective barriers in H-type cells to isolate reactions, ensure product purity, and enable accurate lab experiments.

How Can Auxiliary Equipment Be Installed On The Ptfe Electrode Stand? Ensure Stable & Interference-Free Setup

Learn the proper steps to install stirrers, sensors & more on a PTFE electrode stand without compromising your electrochemical experiments.

What Cleaning Procedure Is Required For The Ptfe Electrode Stand Before An Experiment? Ensure Accurate Electrochemical Results

Learn the essential protocol for cleaning a PTFE electrode stand to prevent contamination and ensure reliable, reproducible electrochemical measurements.

How Should The Ptfe Electrode Stand Be Adjusted To Fit The Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Maximum Stability For Your Experiments

Learn the correct way to adjust a PTFE electrode stand for your electrolytic cell to achieve a stable, vibration-resistant setup for accurate electrochemical measurements.

What Maintenance Procedures Are Recommended For A Side-Window Optical Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Data Accuracy & Extend Cell Lifespan

Learn essential cleaning, inspection, and calibration procedures for side-window optical electrolytic cells to maintain data integrity and equipment longevity.

What Are The Primary Applications Of Carbon Fiber Brushes In Experiments? Serve As Superior Anodes In Bioelectrochemical Tests

Discover how carbon fiber brushes function as high-performance anodes for microbial fuel cells, enabling efficient electron harvesting and biofilm growth.

What Role Does An Electrochemical Cell Play In Zif-8 Thin Layer Anodic Deposition? Achieve Precision In Mof Coating

Learn how electrochemical cells and electrodes control zinc ion release, morphology, and thickness in ZIF-8 anodic deposition for superior films.

What Checks Should Be Performed Before Using An H-Type Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Experiment Safety And Data Accuracy

Learn the essential pre-use inspection steps for H-type electrolytic cells to prevent leaks, ensure membrane integrity, and guarantee valid results.

What Is An Example Of An Electrode? The Bridge Between Power And Performance

Discover common electrode examples like zinc and graphite, their roles in batteries and electrolysis, and how to choose the right material for your application.

How Should The Experimental Parameters Be Adjusted When Using The H-Type Electrolytic Cell? Expert Precision Guide

Learn the vital steps for adjusting voltage, current, and temperature in H-type electrolytic cells to ensure data accuracy and equipment safety.

What Are The Technical Advantages Of Using A Platinum (Pt) Plate Electrode? Ensure High-Purity Electrochemical Testing

Learn how Platinum plate electrodes enhance manganese coating tests through chemical inertness, high conductivity, and low polarization resistance.

What Routine Maintenance Should Be Performed On The H-Type Electrolytic Cell? Best Practices For Data Precision

Learn the essential maintenance steps for H-type electrolytic cells, including electrode care, membrane replacement, and cleaning protocols.

What Is The Mechanism Of The Devanathan-Stachurski Dual Electrolytic Cell? Explore Precise Hydrogen Permeation Testing

Learn how the Devanathan-Stachurski cell isolates hydrogen generation and detection to calculate material diffusion and barrier efficiency.

What Are The Advantages Of Using Ceramic Electrolytes (Ysz) In Soec? Unlock High-Efficiency Co2 Reduction

Discover how ceramic electrolytes like YSZ enable high-temperature SOEC operation to reduce electrical power needs and boost conversion efficiency.

What Is Important Regarding Temperature Control For The H-Type Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Precision And Data Integrity

Master temperature control for H-type electrolytic cells. Learn how thermal stability ensures data accuracy and protects your laboratory equipment.

How Can Mechanical Damage To The Ptfe Electrode Stand And Its Components Be Prevented? Ensure Long-Term Lab Reliability

Learn best practices to prevent mechanical damage to PTFE electrode stands, including handling, cleaning, and storage tips for fragile glass cells and platinum electrodes.

What Is The Correct Procedure For Post-Experiment Shutdown And Cleaning Of A Side-Window Optical Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Safety And Data Accuracy

Learn the step-by-step shutdown and cleaning protocol for side-window optical electrolytic cells to maintain safety, equipment longevity, and experimental reproducibility.

What Are The Procedures For Handling A Proton Exchange Membrane After Use? Ensure Longevity And Performance

Learn the step-by-step guide for proper PEM disassembly, cleaning, and storage to prevent damage and extend membrane life for fuel cells and electrolyzers.

What Is The Function Of Platinum-Coated Stainless Steel Electrodes? Enhance Catalytic Stability & Her Performance

Learn how platinum-coated electrodes drive hydrogen evolution and catalyst regeneration while providing acid-resistant durability in flow cells.

What Are The Core Functions Of The Electrolytic Cell In Graphite Exfoliation? Engineered Graphene Production

Learn how electrolytic cells and electrode systems drive ion intercalation to produce high-quality graphene with tunable material properties.

How Does A Standardized Electrochemical Test Cell Assist In Mox/Cntf Electrode Screening? Optimize Material Ratios

Discover how standardized electrochemical test cells evaluate MOx/CNTf electrode performance through CV, GCD, and EIS for efficient screening.

How Are Electrolytic Cells And Electrochemical Workstations Used For Pt/Pd Fuel Cell Evaluation? Expert Guide

Learn how electrolytic cells and workstations measure Pt/Pd alloy performance, including current-voltage, resistance, and cycling stability.

What Is The Purpose Of An Electrolytic Etching System For 310H Stainless Steel? Reveal Precise Microstructure Details

Learn how electrolytic etching with 10% oxalic acid reveals austenite grains, carbide precipitates, and grain boundaries in 310H stainless steel.

How Do Electrolytic Cells And Potential Control Systems Function In The Electrochemical Selective Dissolution Of Platinum?

Learn how potentiostats and cyclic voltammetry enable the selective recovery of platinum by applying precise voltage cycles to dissolve nanoparticles.